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Biochemistry Problem Set: Polymers, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleotides - Prof. Amy Kiger, Assignments of Biology

University of California - San DiegoBiology
Prof. Amy Kiger

A problem set related to the study of polymers (polysaccharides, fats, and proteins), lipids, and nucleotides. It covers topics such as monomer synthesis, condensation reactions, glucose forms, starch and cellulose, lipid solubility, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, peptide hydrolysis, amino acid r groups, and nucleotide structure. The problem set is for bild1 / spring 2009, taught by dr. Kiger.

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Pre 2010

Uploaded on 03/28/2010

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Problem Set 2 BILD1 / Spring 2009
Chapters 5-7 Dr. Kiger
1
1) Polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by
A) connecting monosaccharides together.
B) the addition of water to each monomer (hydrolysis).
C) the removal of water (dehydration reactions).
D) ionic bonding of the mono mers.
E) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers.
2) (a) What is a condensation reaction, and in general terms, what does it form?
A reaction to covalently bond monomers through the loss of water. Condensation
reactions form polymers.
(b) Draw an example of the use of a condensation reaction to form sucrose [hint: a (1,2) glycosidic linkage between α-
glucose and β-fructose].
3) Glucose comes in two forms – a straight chain form and a ring form.
(a) Which form predominates in the cell?
Ring form, due to the cellular pH.
(b) There are two ring forms called α-glucose and β-glucose. How do these two forms differ from each other?
These two isomers differ only at the #1 carbon of glucose. The alpha version
features the hydroxyl group below the planar ring ,whereas the beta version has
the hydroxyl group above the ring.
(c) What compounds are composed primarily of glucos e? How do they differ from each other?
The polymers starch, glycogen and cellulose are composed of glucose monomers.
Starch is the major form of energy storage in plants, and glycogen is the major
form of energy storage in animals. Both starch and glycogen are made up of
alpha-glucose monomers. Cellulose is the major structural component of plants
and is comprised of beta-glucose monomers. The linkages results in every other
monomer being upside down. Animals have enzymes that can cleave glycosidic
bonds between alpha monomers but not beta monomers.
4) (a) In general terms, what kind of monomer is shown in Figure 1?
Monosaccharide, or single sugar.
(b) Is the molecule in an alpha or beta form? FIGURE 1
Beta form.
pf3
pf4
pf5

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Download Biochemistry Problem Set: Polymers, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleotides - Prof. Amy Kiger and more Assignments Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapters 5- 7 Dr. Kiger

  1. Polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by A) connecting monosaccharides together. B) the addition of water to each monomer (hydrolysis). C) the removal of water (dehydration reactions). D) ionic bonding of the monomers. E) the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers.
  2. (a) What is a condensation reaction, and in general terms, what does it form? A reaction to covalently bond monomers through the loss of water. Condensation reactions form polymers. (b) Draw an example of the use of a condensation reaction to form sucrose [hint: a (1,2) glycosidic linkage between α- glucose and β-fructose].
  3. Glucose comes in two forms – a straight chain form and a ring form. (a) Which form predominates in the cell? Ring form, due to the cellular pH. (b) There are two ring forms called α-glucose and β-glucose. How do these two forms differ from each other? These two isomers differ only at the #1 carbon of glucose. The alpha version features the hydroxyl group below the planar ring ,whereas the beta version has the hydroxyl group above the ring. (c) What compounds are composed primarily of glucose? How do they differ from each other? The polymers starch, glycogen and cellulose are composed of glucose monomers. Starch is the major form of energy storage in plants, and glycogen is the major form of energy storage in animals. Both starch and glycogen are made up of alpha-glucose monomers. Cellulose is the major structural component of plants and is comprised of beta-glucose monomers. The linkages results in every other monomer being upside down. Animals have enzymes that can cleave glycosidic bonds between alpha monomers but not beta monomers. 4) (a) In general terms, what kind of monomer is shown in Figure 1? Monosaccharide, or single sugar. (b) Is the molecule in an alpha or beta form? FIGURE 1 Beta form.

Chapters 5- 7 Dr. Kiger

  1. Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because A) the monomer of starch is glucose, but the monomer of cellulose is galactose. B) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyse the beta (b) glycosidic linkages of cellulose but not the alpha (a) glycosidic linkages of starch.

C) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (a) glycosidic linkages of

starch but not the beta (b) glycosidic linkages of cellulose.

D) humans harbor starch digesting bacteria but not cellulose digesting bacteria in their digestive tract. E) humans harbor cellulose digesting bacteria but not starch digesting bacteria in the digestive tract.

  1. The class of large biological molecules known as lipids A) are readily soluble in organic solvents B) are insoluble in water C) are important constituents of cell membranes D) contain twice as much energy as an equivalent weight of polysaccharide

E) all of the above

  1. Which of the following is true concerning saturated fatty acids? A) They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil. B) They have double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acids.

C) They have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than unsaturated fatty acids.

D) They are usually liquid at room temperature. E) They are usually produced by plants.

  1. What is the molecule illustrated in Figure 2?

A) a saturated fatty acid

B) an unsaturated fatty acid C) a polyunsaturated triacylglyceride D) a trans polysaturated triacylglyceride E) a steroid similar to cholesterol FIGURE 2

  1. Refer to Figure 3. At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acids?

C) C FIGURE 3

  1. Refer to Figure 3. Which bond is closest to the N-terminus of the molecule?

A) A

  1. Refer to Figure 3. Which bond is closest to the C-terminus of the molecule?

E) E

Chapters 5- 7 Dr. Kiger

Secondary structure refers to structure obtained from H-bonding within the protein backbone. Tertiary structure refers to the association of amino acid side chains (R groups) with one another or with cofactors. (c) List two types of secondary structure. Alpha-Helix and Beta-sheets are two types of secondary structure. (d) List three types of tertiary structure. 3 o structure is the result of amino acid side chain interactions. These tertiary interactions include (1) hydrophobic interactions (Van der Waals), (2) H-bonding, (3) ionic bonds, and (4) the covalent bonds formed by disulfide bridges.

  1. Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? A) a nitrogen base and a phosphate group B) a nitrogen base and a pentose sugar C) a nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar D) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil E) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine
  2. All of the following nitrogen bases are found in DNA except A) uracil.

B) adenine.

C) thymine

D) guanine.

E) cytosine.

  1. The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA A) is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar. B) can form a double-stranded molecule. C) has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. D) can attach to a phosphate. E) contains one less oxygen atom.
  2. In the double-helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to A) deoxyribose B) ribose. C) adenine. D) thymine. E) guanine.
  3. If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of nitrogenous bases 5’ ATTGCA3’, the other complementary strand would have the sequence A) 5’TAACGT3’ B) 3’TAACGT5’ C) 5’UAACGU3’ D) 3’UAACGU5’ E) 5’UGCAAU3’

Chapters 5- 7 Dr. Kiger

  1. Where would you find each of the following? Place the following letters next to the indicated structure: More than one answer may apply for each. P = plant cell; A = animal cell; R = prokaryotic cell P (central vacuole)Vacuole ___ P, R Cell Wall __ P, A Nucleus ___ P, A __ Golgi Apparatus __ P, A, R___ Ribosome __ P___ Chloroplast __ P, A ___ Mitochondria ___ P, A, R __DNA __ P, A, R ___ Plasma Membrane __ A (sperm), R___Flagellum
  2. State the major function of each of the following organelles in a single sentence: (a) Mitochondria: “Powerhouse of the cell”, utilizes oxygen to convert fuel sources (carbs, lipids) to energy (ATP) (b) Lysosome: Acidic compartment responsible for the degradation and recycling of macromolecules and damaged organelles, and destruction of pathogens. (c) Nucleolus: Sub-region in the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized and assembled into ribosomes. (d) Golgi Apparatus: Organelle in the endomembrane system that serves as the “receiving and shipping” center of the cell; directs the transport of membrane- bound and secreted proteins; provides additional modifications to proteins. (e) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Organelle in the endomembrane system that synthesizes lipids and steroids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and stores calcium ions.
  3. Phospholipids spontaneously form membranes due to ___________. A) Condensation reactions. B) Ionic bonds between different phospholipids. C) amphipathic nature of phospholipid molecules. D) Transport exclusion of non-lipids out of the membrane. E) Attraction of lipids to water.
  4. In passive transport, which is TRUE? A) Substances are transported against their concentration gradient. B) Energy supplied by ATP is required. C) Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion. D) Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient. E) A and B are true. F) C and D are true.