Process Modeling-Information Analysis and Design-Lecture Slides, Slides of Information Systems Analysis and Design

This lecture was delivered by Dr. Asif Ullah for Information Analysis and Design at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad (PIEAS). It includes: Structuring, Systems, Requirements, Process, Modeling, Requirements, DFD, Deliverables, Outcomes

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Chapter 8
Structuring System
Requirements: Process Modeling
Chapter 8
Structuring Systems Requirements: Process
Modeling
Understand the logical modeling of
processes by studying examples
of data flow diagrams (DFDs).
Draw data flow diagrams following
specific rules and guidelines that
lead to accurate and well-
structured process models.
Decompose data flow diagrams
into lower-level diagrams.
Balance higher-level and lower-level
data flow diagrams.
Explain the differences among four
types of DFDs: current physical,
current logical, new physical, and new
logical.
Use data flow diagrams as a tool to
support the analysis of information
systems. Discuss process modeling for
electronic commerce applications.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Process Modeling Requirements structuring
Requirements structuring is the second of the
three primary analysis phases.
This chapter introduces us to two methods
useful for structurin
g
requirements:
g
Process modeling
Logic modeling
Requirements structuring
The focus of this session will be on a tool
analysts use to structure information – data flow
diagrams (DFDs).
DFD allow us to model how data flow throu
g
h
g
an information system, the relationship among
the data flows and how data to be stored at
specific locations.
Requirements structuring
DFD also show the processes that transforms
data. Because DFD concentrates on the
movement of data between processes, the
diagrams are called process models.
There are two important concepts related to data
flow diagrams:
balancing
decomposition
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Chapter 8

Structuring System

Requirements: Process Modeling

Chapter 8

Structuring Systems Requirements: Process

Modeling

Understand the logical modeling of processes by studying examples of data flow diagrams (DFDs). Draw data flow diagrams following specific rules and guidelines that lead to accurate and well- structured process models. Decompose data flow diagrams into lower-level diagrams.

Balance higher-level and lower-level data flow diagrams. Explain the differences among four types of DFDs: current physical, current logical, new physical, and new logical. Use data flow diagrams as a tool to support the analysis of information systems. Discuss process modeling for electronic commerce applications.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Process Modeling Requirements structuring

ƒ Requirements structuring is the second of the

three primary analysis phases.

ƒ This chapter introduces us to two methods

useful for structuring requirements:g

  • Process modeling
  • Logic modeling

Requirements structuring

ƒ The focus of this session will be on a tool

analysts use to structure information – data flow

diagrams (DFDs).

ƒ DFD allow us to model how data flow throughg

an information system, the relationship among

the data flows and how data to be stored at

specific locations.

Requirements structuring

ƒ DFD also show the processes that transforms

data. Because DFD concentrates on the

movement of data between processes, the

diagrams are called process models.

ƒ There are two important concepts related to data

flow diagrams:

  • balancing
  • decomposition

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Process Modeling

ƒ Graphically represent the processes that

capture, manipulate, store, and distribute data

between a system and its environment and

among system components.

ƒ A common form of a process model is a Data

Flow Diagram (DFD)

  • A picture of the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system

ƒ Processes and data structures are modeled.

7

Deliverables and Outcomes

ƒ DFDs of new logical system

  • Technology independent.
  • Show data flows, structure, and functional requirements of new system.

ƒ Thorough description of each DFD component

Data Flow Diagram

ƒ Data flow diagram

(DFD) is a picture of

the movement of

data between

external entities and

the processes and

data stores within a

system

Data Flow Diagram

ƒ DFD Symbols (Gane & Sarson)

Process

Data Flow

Data Store

Source/Sink (External Entity)

Data Flow Diagram

Process:

ƒ It is the work or actions performed on data so

that they are transformed, stored or distributed

(inside the system), i.e, generate paycheck,

calculate overtime compute GPAcalculate overtime, compute GPA

  • Work or actions performed on data (inside the system)
  • Labels should be verb phrases
  • Receives input data and produces output

Data Flow Diagram

ƒ Rule1: Can have more than one outgoing data

flow or more than one incoming data flow

Calculated Gross Pay

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Data Flow Diagram

Data Store: Correct/Incorrect?

FlightBookBook Payment Detail

PaymentPost

Data Flow Diagram

Source/Sink (External Entity):

ƒ External entity that is origin or destination of data

(outside the system)

  • Is the singular form of a department, outside organisation, other IS, or persong , , p
  • Labels should be noun phrases
  • Source – Entity that supplies data to the system
  • Sink – Entity that receives data from the system

Verify Order

Data Flow Diagram

Rule: Source/Sink

  • Must be connected to a process by a data flow

PrepareDeposit

Data Flow Diagram

Source/Sink: Correct/Incorrect?

PaymentApply

Rules for Using DFD Symbols

ƒ Data Flow That Connects

YES NO A process to another process A process to an external entity

A process to a data store

An external entity to another external entity

An external entity to a data store

A data store to another data store

Data Flow Diagram

List the errors of this DFD

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Strategies for Developing DFDs

ƒ Top-down strategy

  • Create the high-level diagrams (Context Diagram), then low-level diagrams (Level-0 diagram), and so on

ƒ Bottom-up strategy

  • Create the low-level diagrams, then higher-level diagrams

Context Diagram

ƒ Top-level view of IS ƒ Shows the system boundaries, external entities that interact with the system, and major information flows between entities and the system.

  • Example: Order system that a company uses to enter orders and apply payments against a customer’s balance

0

Order

Order Reject Notice

Picking List

Completed Order

Payment Invoice

Order System

Order

Commission BankDeposit CashReceipts Entry

Context Diagram of Order System

Context Diagram

Example: Hoosier Burgers

  • One input: Customer order
  • Three outputs: Customer receipt, Food order, Management reports

Context Diagram of Hoosier Burger’s Food Ordering System

Decomposition of DFDs

ƒ Functional decomposition is an iterative process

of breaking a system description down into finer

and finer detail.

  • Creates a set of charts in which one process on a given chart is explained in greater detail on another chart.
  • Continues until no subprocess can logically be broken down any further.

Decomposition of DFDs

ƒ Primitive DFD is the lowest level of a DFD.

ƒ Level-1 diagram results from decomposition of

Level-0 diagram.

ƒ LevelLevel n diagram is a DFD diagram that is the-n diagram is a DFD diagram that is the

result of a n nested decompositions from a

process on a level-0 diagram.

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Lower-Level Diagrams

ƒ Functional Decomposition

  • An iterative process of breaking a system description down into finer and finer detail
  • Uses a series of increasingly detailed DFDs to ddescribe an IS ib IS

ƒ Balancing

  • The conservation of inputs and outputs to a data flow process when that process is decomposed to a lower level
  • Ensures that the input and output data flows of the parent DFD are maintained on the child DFD

Level-n DFD

ƒ Level- n DFD shows the sub-processes of one of

the processes in the Level n-1 DFD.

Level-n DFD

This is a Level-2 DFD for Process 4.3. Processes are labeled 4.3.1, 4.3.2, etc. If this is the lowest level of the hierarchy, it is called a primitive DFD.

Balancing DFDs

ƒ Conservation Principle:

  • Conserve inputs and outputs to a process at the next level of decomposition.

ƒ Balancing:

  • Conservation of inputs and outputs to a data flow diagram process when that process is decomposed to a lower level.

Balancing DFDs

ƒ Balanced means:

  • Number of inputs to lower level DFD equals number of inputs to associated process of higher-level DFD
  • Number of outputs to lower level DFD equals number of outputs to associated process of higher-level DFDf t t t i t d f hi h l l DFD

Balancing DFDs

ƒ This is unbalanced as context diagram has only

one input but Level-0 diagram has two inputs.

1 inputp 1 output

2 inputs 1 output

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Balancing DFDs

ƒ Data flow splitting is when a composite data flow

at a higher level is split and different parts go to

different processes in the lower level DFD.

ƒ The DFD remains balanced because the same

data is involved, but split into two parts.

Balancing DFDs

Balancing DFDs: More DFD Rules Four Different Types of DFDs

ƒ Current Physical

  • Process labels identify technology (people or systems) used to process the data.
  • Data flows and data stores identify actual name of the physical media.h i l di

ƒ Current Logical

  • Physical aspects of system are removed as much as possible.
  • Current system is reduced to data and processes that transform them.

Four Different Types of DFDs

ƒ New Logical

  • Includes additional functions.
  • Obsolete functions are removed.
  • Inefficient data flows are reorganized.

ƒ New Physical

  • Represents the physical implementation of the new system.

Four Different Types of DFDs

Current Physical Inventory Control System 48

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Using DFDs in BPR

IBM Credit Corporation’s primary work process before BPR

Using DFDs in BPR

Figure 7-18 IBM Credit Corporation’s primary work process after BPR

e-Commerce Application: Process Modeling

using DFD

ƒ Process modeling for Pine Valley Furniture’s

Webstore

ƒ Completed JAD session.

ƒ Began translating the Webstore system structureBegan translating the Webstore system structure

into data flow diagrams.

  • Identified six high-level processes.

e-Commerce Application: Process Modeling

using DFD

e-Commerce Application: Process Modeling

using DFD

Level-0 data flow diagram for the WebStore

Exercise: DFD

ƒ Precision Tools sells a line of high-quality

woodworking tools. When customers place

orders on the company’s Web site, the system

checks to see if the items are in stock, issues a

status message to the customer, and generates

a shipping order to the warehouse, which fills

the order. When the order is shipped, the

customer is billed. The system also produces

various reports.

  • Draw a context diagram for the order system
  • Draw DFD diagram 0 for the order system

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Entities, Process, Data Stores & Data Flow

ƒ Entities

  • Customer
  • Warehouse
  • Accounting

ƒ Processes

„ Data Flows

Order

In-Stock Request

Order Data

Status Data

Status Message

Processes

  • 1.0 Check Status
  • 2.0 Issue Status Messages
  • 3.0 Generate Shipping Order
  • 4.0 Manage Accounts Receivable
  • 5.0 Produce Reports

ƒ Data Stores

  • D1 Pending Orders
  • D2 Accounts Receivable

Shipping Order

Order Data

Invoice

Shipping Confirmation

Payment

Accounting Data

Accounts Receivable Data

Order Data

Inventory Reports

CUSTOMER WAREHOUSE

0

Order

Order

Payment

In-Stock Request

Status Message

Shipping Order

ACCOUNTING

Invoice System Shipping Confirmation

Inventory Reports

Context Diagram of Order System

Level-0 of Order System

Summary

ƒ In this chapter you learned how to:

  • Understand logical process modeling via data flow diagrams (DFDs).
  • Draw data flow diagrams of well structured process models.d l
  • Decompose data flow diagrams into lower-level diagrams.
  • Balance high-level and low-level data flow diagrams.
  • Explain differences between current physical, current logical, new physical, and new logical data flow diagrams.
  • Use data flow diagrams for analyzing information systems.

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