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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Bui Tran Gia Huy^ Student ID GCH Class Assessor name Vuong Thi Nhung Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Huy Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
Task 1: Discuss the benefits and constraints of differentnetwork types and standards 2.1 Define the network A network is a group of two or more devices (servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, ...) that can connect and communicate with each other. These devices can be connected using a physical or wireless connection. (Dordal, 2021). Figure 1 - Network 2.2 Types of networks
2.2.1 LAN (Local Area Network)
Local area network (LAN) is a type of network that allows computers to connect to each other to work together and share data (Be it in a building or a company). This connection is done over the air. narrow space via LAN cable or WIFI (wireless), so it can only be used in a limited range such as offices, schools... (Roomi, 2020).
Diagram 1- LAN Network Diagram
Advantages of LAN:
1. Easily share resources Sharing hardware resources such as: hard drives, DVD drives and Printers or licensed software is made easy in the Local Area Network. Example: All computers on a LAN can connect to the printer via an intermediate computer and so all computers on the network can use the printer instead of having to buymultiple printers. In terms of software, computers in the LAN can use the software through a computer that shares the rights to other users in that LAN (Roomi, 2020). 2. Convenient Communication Using LAN users can exchange messages and data during a convenient way. Since the info is placed on the server it is often accessed anytime by the LAN users. Every single LAN user can do that with others on the network. For user identification, each computer in the LAN is assigned a MAC address. This address will be used normally when sending and receiving data. Hence, this not only saves many times, it ensures that messages get delivered to the proper people (Room, 2020). 3. Centralized Data As mentioned earlier, the data of all users in the LAN is located in a centralized server. Any workstation in a particular network does not normally access this information. Furthermore, users can access their ownset of knowledge by logging into their respective accounts (Roomi, 2020). 4. Improved Security
connection. A typical MAN infrastructure is predicated on a spread of technologies. a number of them are Switched Multi-Megabyte Server (SMDS), Fiber Distribution Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) (Roomi, 2020). Diagram 2- MAN Network Diagram
Advantages of MAN:
1. Costs MAN uses only a few resources compared to WAN. As a result, implementation costs are significantly reduced. Furthermore, combining both MAN and WAN networks is a smaller amount expensive. All dataon the person network has been centrally managed, making it very easy to manage (Roomi, 2020). 2. Speed MANs usually use fiber optic cables for data transmission. Fiber optic cable is capable of providing accelerates to 1000Mbps. As a result, data and knowledge are often transferred at a faster rate (Roomi, 2020). 3. Internet Sharing Using MAN, users can share their internet references to other users. during this way, all MAN
users canexperience high-speed Internet connection (Roomi, 2020).
4. Network Switch As mentioned earlier MAN may be a mixture of two or more LANs. Because the LAN features a fast link configuration, two LANs are often connected quickly (Roomi, 2020).
Disadvantages of MAN:
1. Maintenance MAN is usually difficult to manage, especially when it gets big. this is often mainly thanks to questions ofsafety and other additional configurations (Roomi, 2020). 2. Security The probability of hackers attacking the MAN network is very high compared to the LAN. As a result, the info tends to be susceptible to attacks. For data security, well-trained and securely equipped staff is required (Roomi, 2020). 3. Technical Assistance To install the person with no errors, an experience technician is required. Technical support should be obtained from network administrators and troubleshooters, this will overall increase installation costs (Roomi, 2020). 4. Wire requirements Compared to LAN and WAN, MAN requires extra wiring for its operations. this is often mainly thanks tothe connection of the 2 LANs. When more wires are needed, there'll even be more overhead within the network (Roomi, 2020). 5. Internet Speed To function, MAN requires quite an expensive fiber optic cable. It cannot work on the normal copper wire normally found on phones. Even so, if MAN is installed, users will experience very slow internet speeds (Roomi, 2020).
2.2.3 WAN (Wireless Area Network)
Wireless area network (WAN) may be a sort of network that gives transmit video, images, data and voice covering large geographical areas. it's made from a mixture of LAN and MAN. to hold out the transmission, it receives the assistance of modems, routers, hubs and switches (Roomi, 2020)
4. Exchange messages Devices in a WAN usually communicate via messages, which is often done quickly with the help ofpopular applications such as messenger and WhatsApp (Roomi, 2020). 5. Increase bandwidth Companies often rent a private channel which means more bandwidth than a regular broadband connection. This leads to an improvement in the productivity of the business (Roomi, 2020). 6. Guaranteed Uptime One of the most important pluses of WANs is that they provide guaranteed uptime. WAN providers offer weekly, quarterly, or annual uptime. It is part of the SLA no matter the industry, uptime is usually guaranteed (Roomi, 2020).
Disadvantages of WAN:
1. Security Because WAN is widely used and has more technologies combined, it faces more security problems than LAN and MAN. It’ll be very difficult to make sure that the system isn’t hacked. Therefore, in every PC, the firewall must be enabled. And there’s a high chance that malicous attacks can happen. Therefore, Antivirus software also must be installed (Roomi, 2020). 2. Installation cost WANs are very expensive to line up thanks to their complexity and geographic reach. fixing a WAN requires purchasing routers, switches, and security solutions (Roomi, 2020). 3. Disconnection problem Customers who are distant from power and network systems often face more frequent disconnectionproblems. To eliminate this, the customer must purchase a fanatical line from the ISP (Roomi, 2020). 4. Troubleshooting Due to its wide scope, WAN troubleshooting may be a difficult task and requires longer. Furthermore, thewire of the WAN goes under the ocean. just in case if those wires break, it is often difficult to repair thembecause it involves tons of resources (Roomi, 2020). 5. Maintenance problems Maintaining a WAN may be a difficult task to perform. Especially keeping a knowledge center running 24/7 is that the biggest challenge. this is often a full-time job that needs the support of network administrators and technicians (Roomi, 2020).
2.3 Network Protocol
2.3.1 Theory about network protocol
A network protocol may be a set of rules, conventions, and data structures that govern how devices exchange data across networks. In other words, network protocols are often thought of as a language that two devices must understand for seamless communication, no matter their infrastructure and style differences (Anon., n.d.). Figure 3 - Human protocol and Network protocol
2.3.2 Some common protocols
TCP/IP
TCP/IP could be a set of related protocols. At Layer 3, Internet Protocol (IP) works for routing. At Layer 4, TCP and UDP work providing you with stateless and stateless options. ICMP belongs to the current protocol family but doesn't transport data and is often used for diagnostics. Most networks use this stack. it is vital to know so you recognize which protocol to use to troubleshoot. ICMP is great for latency testing but sometimes you need to use UDP-based tools when ICMP is blocked. For bandwidth and latency testing, UDP is perhaps better for latency while TCP is great for overall bandwidth (Anon., 2020).
Figure 5 - DNS
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) could be a higher-layer protocol employed by applications. This is often vital because it’s very widely used. Not only do websites and web services use it but VPN tunnels and web sockets also are known to use it. The utilization case for understanding HTTP is that the majority of online services lately use this. If there are performance issues or errors, understanding HTTP is often helpful. This is often, especially the cases where you want to use the browser debugger to assist identify the error. Sometimes HTTP error codes are buried or hidden within the HTTP results therefore the browser doesn’t show them but they’re there (Anon, 2020).
Figure 6 - HTTP 2.4 List of Standard Organizations
- ISO ISO is that the world organization for Standardization. It creates a group of rules and standards forgraphics, document exchange, digital communication, etc.
- CCCITT CCITT is now a representative organization for us. CCITT developer's proposed set of rules and standards for telegraph and telephone communications. .
- IEEE It is supported the professional organization of electronic, computer, and communication engineering. It provides various sets of rules and standards within the communication and networking field. 4)EIA This organization sets and recommends industry standards. EIA has developed a series of RS Standards (Recommended Standards) for data and telecommunications. 5)SCC It is a politician Standard Agency for Canada. it's Similar responsibilities as ANSI has. Task 2 - Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements 3.1 Define Network Topology Network topology is employed to represent the physical and logical structure of a network. It sets out how the varied nodes on the network - including switches and routers - are located and connected, also as how data flows. Mapping the locations of endpoints and repair requests helps determine the simplest location for every node to optimize traffic flow
3.2.2 Logical Topology Logical topology (overlay) reflects the arrangement of devices and their communication. it's the transmission of information over the physical topology. it's independent of the topology, independent of the arrangement of the nodes. It deals with the intricate details of the network like the kind of devices (switches, routers) selected and their quality, which affects the speed and rate at which data packets are delivered. logical topology ensures optimal flow control that may be tuned within the network. Data can flow during a linear model called a Logical Bus or within the kind of a circle Logical circle (Anon., 2020). Figure 9 - Logical Topology
3.3 Some Popular Topologies The physical and logical network topologies of a network are not necessarily the same. There are fivecommon network topology models that are divided into both physical and logical topology (S, n.d.):
- Bus Topology: All the devices are connected sequentially to an equivalent backbone or cable. this is often an easy, low-cost topology, but its single point of failure presents a risk (S, n.d.). Figure 10 - Bus Topology
- Star Topology: All the nodes within the network are connected to a central device sort of a hub or switch via cables. Failure of individual nodes or cables doesn't necessarily create downtime withinthe network but the failure of a central device can. This topology is that the most preferred and popular model (S, n.d.).
Figure 13 - Tree Topology
- Mesh Topology: The topology in each node is directly connected to some or all the opposite nodes present within the network. This redundancy makes the network highly fault tolerant, but escalating costs can limit this topology to highly critical networks (S, n.d.). Figure 14- Mesh Topology
- Hybrid Topology: Hybrid topology is a combination of two or more different network topologies. These topologies can include structures such as bus, mesh, ring, star, and tree (Anon., 2020). Figure 15 - Hybrid Topology 3.4 Communication and Bandwidth requirements
3.4.1 Define Network Communication
Network communication defines a group of protocols (that is, rules and standards) that allow application programs to speak with one another without reference to the hardware and operating systems where they're run. Internetworking allows application programs to speak independently of their physical network connections (Anon., n.d.).
3.4.2 The Rules in The Network
Messages Encoding: One of the primary steps to sending a message is to encrypt it. Encryption is that the process of converting information into another, acceptable form, for transmission. Decryption reverses this process to interpret the knowledge. within the figure below, the encryption between the servers must be during a format suitable for the medium. Messages sent over the network are first converted into bits by the sending server. Each bit is encoded into an audio sample, light wave, or electrical pulse counting on the network medium through which the bits are transmitted. The destination server receives and decodes the signals to interpret the message (Anon., n.d.).
