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ISE105: Compu.ng Fundamentals Lecture 7

Today’s Lecture

• Programming Languages
• History of C
• Problem Solving
  • Flowcharts
  • Algorithms
  • Programs
• C Program
• Comments

Types of Programming Languages

1. Machine languages (1GL)
   • Strings of numbers giving machine specific instruc.ons
   • Example:
2. Assembly languages (2GL)
   • English‐like abbrevia.ons represen.ng elementary computer opera.ons (translated via assemblers)
   • Example: LOAD BASEPAY ADD OVERPAY STORE GROSSPAY 4

Types of Languages

3. High‐level languages (3GL)
   • Codes similar to everyday English
   • Use mathema.cal nota.ons (translated via compilers)
   • Example: grossPay = basePay + overTimePay Languages:
     • C, C++, Java, FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal 5

Development of Programming

Languages

• 2000  C#

• 2001  Visual Basic .NET . . . .
• 2009  Go by Google Inc. (Similar to C)

A brief history of C

• Developed Dennis M. Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs between 1969–1973 for UNIX
• Descendant of Ken Thompson’s language “B”
• First published specifica.on standard:
  • Ritchie and Brian Kernighan “The C Programming Language” in 1978
  • C‐dialect now known as K&R‐Style
• Ease of portability language began to spread
• However language standard (K&R) insufficiently precise
• A slightly modified version of K&R was standardised by ANSI 1989 - C‐dialect now known as ANSI‐C
• The latest revision of the Standard is C99 (ISO)
• ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14 is the interna.onal standardiza.on working group for the programming language C.

C and C++

• C++ is descended from C
  • Wriken by Bjarne Stroustrup during 1983‐
  • Originally called “C with Classes”
• ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 has produced the standard ISO/IEC 14882:1998 on the programming language C++.
• A technical corrigendum was approved in
• C and C++ are different languages

C and C++ popularity

(www..obe.com)

Assemblers

• Assembler
  • “An assembler is a program that translates the assembly‐language program into machine language. ” McGraw‐Hill

Interpreter

• Interpreter – translates code one line at a .me
  • “Translates language statements into machine language and execute it immediately, statement by statement ” McGraw‐Hill
• Interpreted Languages
  • Basic
  • JavaScript
  • LISP

Syntax and Seman.cs

• Syntax
  • Computer Program (language)
  • What are the legal expression in the language
• Seman.cs
  • Meaning of the program
  • Gives meaning to the program.

Developing a program

Problem solving phase Implementation phase

Defini.ons

• Algorithm
  • A sequence of language independent steps which may be followed to solve a problem.
• Flowchart
  • Diagramma.c representa.on of steps for solving the given problem.
• Program
  • A precise sequence of steps to solve a par.cular problem
• Programming languages
  • Languages for specifying sequences of direc.ons to a computer.