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Chapter: Problem Solving and Python Programming : Algorithmic
Problem Solving
Algorithm
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
A programming language is a set of symbols and rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. The programmers have to follow all the specified rules before writing program using programming language. The user has to communicate with the computer using language which it can understand.
Types of programming language
- Machine language
- Assembly language
- High level language
Machine language:
The computer can understand only machine language which uses 0โs and 1โs. In machine language the different instructions are formed by taking different combinations of 0โs and 1โs.
Advantages: Translation free: Machine language is the only language which the computer understands. For executing any program written in any programming language, the conversion to machine language is necessary. The program written in machine language can be executed directly on computer. In this case any conversion process is not required. High speed The machine language program is translation free. Since the conversion time is saved, the execution of machine language program is extremely fast. Disadvantage: ๏ It is hard to find errors in a program written in the machine language. ๏ Writhing program in machine language is a time consuming process. Machine dependent: According to architecture used, the computer differs from each other. So machine language differs from computer to computer. So a program developed for a particular type of computer may not run on other type of computer.
Assembly language:
To overcome the issues in programming language and make the programming process easier, an assembly language is developed which is logically equivalent to machine language but it is easier for people to read, write and understand. ๏ Assembly language is symbolic representation of machine language. Assembly languages are symbolic programming language that uses symbolic notation to represent machine language instructions. They are called low level language because they are so closely related to the machines.
interpreter or compilers are used for converting these programs in to machine readable form. Translating high level language to machine language The programs that translate high level language in to machine language are called interpreter or compiler. Compiler: A compiler is a program which translates the source code written in a high level language in to object code which is in machine language program. Compiler reads the whole program written in high level language and translates it to machine language. If any error is found it display error message on the screen. Interpreter Interpreter translates the high level language program in line by line manner. The interpreter translates a high level language statement in a source program to a machine code and executes it immediately before translating the next statement. When an error is found the execution of the program is halted and error message is displayed on the screen. Advantages Readability
High level language is closer to natural language so they are easier to learn and understand Machine independent High level language program have the advantage of being portable between machines. Easy debugging Easy to find and correct error in high level language Disadvantages Less efficient The translation process increases the execution time of the program. Programs in high level language require more memory and take more execution time to execute.
They are divided into following categories:
- Interpreted programming languages
- Functional programming languages
- Compiled programming languages
- Procedural programming languages
- Scripting programming language
- Markup programming language
- Concurrent programming language
- Object oriented programming language
C
C++
C#
JAVA
Procedural programming language:
Procedural (imperative) programming implies specifying the steps that the programs should take to reach to an intended state. A procedure is a group of statements that can be referred through a procedure call. Procedures help in the reuse of code. Procedural programming makes the programs structured and easily traceable for program flow. Examples: Hyper talk MATLAB
Scripting language:
Scripting language are programming languages that control an application. Scripts can execute independent of any other application. They are mostly embedded in the application that they control and are used to automate frequently executed tasks like communicating with external program. Examples: Apple script VB script
Markup languages:
A markup language is an artificial language that uses annotations to text that define hoe the text is to be displayed. Examples: HTML XML
Concurrent programming language:
Concurrent programming is a computer programming technique that provides for the execution of operation concurrently, either with in a single computer or across a number of systems. Examples: Joule Limbo
Object oriented programming language:
Object oriented programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects which may contain data in the form of procedures often known as methods. Examples: Lava Moto
