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Protein synthesis

Rua, Hind, Sudayn and Malak

The process of protein building consists in transforming a specific sequence of nucleotides on a DNA molecule into a language that can be Read by ribosome; In order to build a polypeptide chain, this process is required to duplicate the acid species Nuclear RNA, as it is copied from special genes for each type that is present in the DNA sequence. By special enzymes called RNA polymerases (RNA Dependent DNA)

DNA → RNA

→ Protein

• (^) mRNA (Transcription Translation Initiation: The small subunit binds to a site upstream (on the 5' side) of the start of the mRNA. It proceeds to scan the mRNA in the 5'--

3' direction until it encounters the START codon (AUG). The large subunit attaches and the initiator tRNA, which carries methionine (Met), binds to the P site on the ribosome.

• (^) The ribosome shifts one codon at a time, catalyzing each process

that occurs in the three sites. With each step, a charged tRNA

enters the complex, the polypeptide becomes one amino acid

longer, and an uncharged tRNA departs. The energy for each bond

between amino acids is derived from GTP, a molecule similar to

ATP. Briefly, the ribosomes interact with other RNA molecules to

make chains of amino acids called polypeptide chains, due to the

peptide bond that forms between individual amino acids. Inside the

ribosome, three sites participate in the translation process, the A, P,

and E sites. Amazingly, the E. coli translation apparatus takes only

0.05 seconds to add each amino acid, meaning that a 200-amino

acid polypeptide could be translated in just 10 seconds.

Translation Elongation:

Watch this video : https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=hY74tvmzdiQ&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR3OGzBaPYvXnVqwz2Zp vSKpFCS5iYjGQfKtGZlOcknsjuj0dlHTKuTPvJs