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PS222 Final Comprehensive
Examination
Smoke & Mirrors by RJD Talking about illusions - answer โโ-Extra Credit Sound and the ears - answer โโ-Chapter 10 Waves of pressure changes Repeating compressions and rarefactions caused by movement that disturbs air molecules - answer โโ-Sound Waves Energy decreases in proportion to the square of distance from the source (harder to hear far away sounds) - answer โโ-Inverse Square Law 20-20,000 Hz Related to pitch - answer โโ-What Frequency can humans percieve? in dB (related to sound pressure)
Related to loudness - answer โโ-Amplitude No unit of measurement Related to timbre (determined by waveform complexity) - answer โโ- Waveform cycles of compression and rarefaction repeat in a regular fashion (e.g. pure tone) - answer โโ-Periodic Sound Waves: Reference - answer โโ-Frequency/Amp/Waveform Graph the minimum amplitude that can be detected at different frequencies lower at mid-range frequencies corresponding to human voice - answer โโ- Audibility Curve Most sounds consist of multiple pure tones added together - answer โโ- Fourier Analysis In a complex sound, same fundamental frequency and same set of harmonics will sound different (different amplitudes of the harmonics affects timbre, or quality of the sound) - answer โโ-Timbre Pinna (outermost portion, fat + cartilage, aids sound localization) Auditory canal (funnels sound, amplifies certain frequencies for higher sensitivity)
Narrow, thick base tuned for high frequencies Cells in the location of the peak of the traveling wave encode the frequency of that wave Place coding: relative amount of activity along the membrane for complex sounds Organ of Corti located on the basilar membrane - answer โโ-Basilar Membrane Outer hair cells amplify the signal Inner hair cells transduce the signal When basilar membrane moves upward it generates a shearing force Bending of stereocilia increases distance between attachment points of tip links; this pulls open channels in streocilia membrane, causing K and Ca ions to enter hair cell, causing depolarization - answer โโ-Transduction: Organ of Corti Refer to picture - answer โโ-Transduction Transduction occurs when inner hair cells release neurotransmitter as a result of depolarization; this causes action potentials in Type I auditory nerve fibers Information about frequencies and amplitudes carried Outer hair cells' motile response amplifies and sharpens the movements of the basilar membrane - answer โโ-When Does Transduction Occur?
Auditory nerve fibers have characteristic frequencies (frequencies to which the auditory nerve fiber is most sensitive) Frequency tuning of Type I fibers corresponds to the frequency tuning of the basilar membrane Better for high-frequency sounds than low-frequency - answer โโ-Neural representation of frequency and amplitude: place code Based on a match between the frequencies of sound waves and the firing rates of Type I fibers Firing rate limited to ~1,000 spikes/sec Volley principle: Each fibre in a population of auditory nerve fibers fires in phase with the peaks in the incoming sound wave (does not have to be at every peak) This phase-locking works up until ~4,000 - 5,000 Hz - answer โโ-Neural representation of frequency and amplitude: temporal code Rate of action potentials increases with the amplitude of the incoming sound wave Number of discriminable amplitudes greater than the limited range of firing rates Increase in the number of nerve fibers that respond to a tone of a given frequency as its amplitude increases - answer โโ-Amplitude representation
- answer โโ-Disorders of Audition
Temporal Code - answer โโ-Which term can BEST be defined as a frequency representation based on a match between the frequencies of incoming sound waves and the firing rates of auditory nerve fibers? sine wave - answer โโ-A pure tone results from air pressure changes over time that fit a mathematical formula called a: Action potentials are produced at the same time as peak of the incoming sound wave, but not necessarily at every peak - answer โโ-Which statement BEST defines the volley principle? responsible for auditory transduction. - answer โโ-The organ of Corti is: loudness, pitch, timbre - answer โโ-The three perceptual dimensions of sound are: sine waves - answer โโ-Fourier analysis is a mathematical procedure for decomposing a complex waveform into a collection of _____ with various frequencies and amplitudes. round window - answer โโ-The_____ is a membrane-covered opening that serves as a "relief valve" at the base of the tympanic canal. 30-year-old adults hear better than 60-year-old adults. - answer โโ-In the context of age-related hearing impairment, frequencies between 4,000 and 8,000 Hz indicate that: basilar membrane. - answer โโ-The physical basis for the place code for frequency results from various locations along the:
transmit sound energy from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. - answer โโ-The ossicles:
- answer โโ-Quiz Chapter 11 azimuth - answer โโ-Sound localization in the side-to-side dimension in the horizontal plane is called: the arrangement of neurons is similar to the arrangement of characteristic frequencies along the basilar membrane. - answer โโ-Tonotopic maps of the auditory core regions have shown that: medial geniculate body. - answer โโ-The thalamus contains the: medial superior olive. - answer โโ-Interaural time differences are likely to be detected by neurons in the: cribriform plate. - answer โโ-The ascending auditory pathway from the left ear does NOT include the: spectral shape cue provided by the pinna. - answer โโ-Information about the elevation of a sound source comes from the: primary auditory cortex, the rostral core, and the rostrotemporal core. - answer โโ-The auditory core region is composed of the: perceiver's head. - answer โโ-An acoustic shadow is produced by a(an):
