Download PSY 101 Exam 1 Study Guide: Key Concepts and Terms and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Below is a study guide for Exam #1. Keep in mind that I am looking at your exam
questions while writing the study guide. Be sure you know what the terms are, how they
have been researched, and describe your answers in your own words. You can do quite
well focusing on the material below. Enjoy!
- A complete definition of psychology would include the scientific study of
behavior and…? (Text & lecture) science
- What’s the difference between an “action potential” and a “resting potential?”
(Text & Lecture)
- Action potential
- the domino effect, neurons generate electricity from an exchange of atoms
- Resting potential
- electrical potential that is maintained until the neuron is stimulated
- What does it mean to have a “representative sample?” (Text & Lecture)
- to have a sample that is not biased or untruthful, has all the relevant characteristics of the population of interest
- What does it mean to be a “cultural” animal? (Lecture)
- -information biased -praxis -progressive
- What is “diffusion of responsibility” and how has it been studied? (Lecture)
- the more people that witness a scene, the less likely someone will try to help
- What is psychology and what are its’ goals? (Text) describe -explain -predict -change
- Know all of the properties of a research correlation. (Text & Lecture)
- Correlation
- the extent to which two or more variables co-relate
- Correlation coefficient
- a mathematical expression of the relationship
Positive correlation
- variables change in the same direction at the same time
- Negative correlation
- variable change in opposite directions at the same time
- What does it mean to be randomly assigned? (Text & Lecture) Random assignment
- the practice of assigning subjects to treatments so each subject has an equal chance of being in any condition
- Pete was interested in whether training students in memory techniques really improved their memory. He randomly assigned students in his class to one of two groups. One group received memory training and the other did not. A week later, pete tested the students' memory. This is most likely an example of what kind of research? What is the independent variable? The group that did not receive training would be called?
- descriptive research
- memory training
- control group
- A researcher investigates whether age of groups (adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, and senior citizens) affects performance on a test of short term memory. Because the researcher cannot randomly assign participants into the various age groups, this research is referred to as research.
- quasi-expiriemental research
- What does it mean to be debriefed? (Text)
- a discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and subject reactions at the completion of the study
- Functionalism: William James, 1890, USA Argument: Psychology= the study of the mind as it functions in adapting the organism to its environment. Gestalt Psychology: Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler, Germany Argument: Revolt against Wundt. Apparent movement is not reducible to simpler sensations. Psychology= Study of immediate experience of the whole organism. Perception and how its organized. Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, 1900, Austrian Physician Argument: Unconscious processes direct our everyday behavior. Focused on origin, development and treatment of abnormal behavior. Behaviorism: John Watson, 1913, USA Argument: Psychology=That which is observable and measurable, nothing else. Focus shifted from mind to behavior. How behavior is learned and modified.
- What is research replication and why do it? (Text)
- o research replication is the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated o and it is done to prevent false positives
- Know our policies described on our syllabus well. (Syllabus)
- Know the key points and messages of ALL of our video presentations;
- (Lecture)
- Know all of the research methods discussed in class along with their strengths
and weaknesses. (Lecture)
- What is the amygdala responsible for? (Text & Lecture) fear and aggression
- What comprises the limbic system, endocrine system, sympathetic nervous
system, peripheral nervous system & central nervous system. (Text &
Lecture)
- Limbic system: Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and Hippocampus o Endocrine system: group of glands that secrete chemicals into blood allowing for basic bodily functions o Sympathetic nervous: The automatic nervous system; mobilizes the body for emergencies o Peripheral nervous system: is made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. o Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
- How do neurons communicate? (Text & Lecture)
- Action Potential is generated and passed down an axon Axon terminal releases chemical molecules, neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter released into a synapse (gap junction) to influence neighboring cell.
- What is the placebo effect? (Text & Lecture)
- o positive effects associated with a persons beliefs and attitudes about a drug. -even when it contains no active ingredients
- Know all of the brain structures described in class and in your text and their
primary responsibilities. (Text & Lecture)
Frontal lobe: located in front of the central sulcus; speaking, muscle movements, making plans and judgment o Parietal lobe: located behind the central sulcus; Sensory areas o Occipital lobe: located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal lobe and temporal lobe; Vision o Temporal lobe: located below the lateral fissure, bottom section of the brain kind of by the stem, Auditory
- In order to measure either a physical or mental construct, what criteria must
the measure meet? (Lecture)
- 1 to 1 must be met when measuring a physical or mental construct
- Know all about a neuron and its responsibilities. (Text & Lecture) According to ancient Greek civilizations, what is psychology? o Soul, Spirit, or mind as distinguished in the body
- Know the ethical guidelines given by the American Psychological
Association. (Text)
- Know all of the discussed neurotransmitters and their primary responsibilities.
(Text & Lecture)
- What does plasticity refer to when talking about the brain? (Lecture)
- Psychology
- the scientific study of behavior and science
- Action potential
- the domino effect, neurons generate electricity from an exchange of atoms
- Resting potential
- electrical potential that is maintained until the neuron is stimulated
- Axons
- carry signals away from the cell body
- Dendrites
- receive signals from axons and carry them to cell bodies
- Reuptake
- sending neuron mops up left over molecules
- Agonists
- chemical that mimics the action of neurotransmitter (caffeine)
- Antagonist
- chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter
- Structuralism (Wundt)
- -school of psychology and school -argument: you are the subject manner, you have the answers -goal: to understand the structure of mind they will analyze sensations, images, and feelings
- Functionalism (William James)
- -school of psychology -argument: psychology is the study of the mind it functions in adapting the organism to its environment -method: introspection, questionnaires, and mental tests to provide objectivity
- Gestalts (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgange Kohler)
- -school of psychology -argument: psychology is the study of immediate experience of the whole -you miss the point looking at small elements, look at the big picture
- Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)
- -argument: unconscious processes direct our everyday behavior -method: free association and dream analysis used to explore the unconscious
- Behaviorism (John Watson)
- -behaviorist school of psychology, against psychoanalysis -argument: psychology is that which is observable and measurable, NOTHING ELSE
- Research replication
- repeating studies to verify results to make sure that they are right
- Descriptive methods
- involve attempts to measure or record behaviors, thoughts, or feelings in their natural state
- Five type of descriptive methods
- Disadvantages of case studies
- -observer bias -difficult to generalize finding from a single case -impossible to reconstruct causes from complexity or past events
- Archives
- researchers can also examine archives or public records of social behavior
- Advantages of archives
- -easy access to large amounts
- Disadvantages of archives
- -many interesting social behaviors are never recorded
- Surveys
- involves asking people questions about their beliefs and behaviors
- Advantages of surveys
- -allows study of difficult-to- observe behaviors, thoughts, and feelings
- Disadvantages of surveys
- -asking people who respond are not representative -people may be biased or untruthful in responses
- Psychological tests
- involve attempts to asses an individuals abilities,
cognitions, motivations, or behaviors
- Advantages of psychological tests
- -allows measurements of characteristic that are not always easily assessable
- Disadvantages of psychological tests
- -tests may be unreliable (yielding inconsistent scores) -tests may be reliable but not valid (not measuring the actual characteristic they are designed to measure) -CANNOT HAVE A VALID MEASURE THAT IS NOT RELIABLE
- Hindbrain
- -medulla -pons -cerebellum -reticular formation -thalamus
- Limbic system
- -hypothalamus -hippocampus -amygdala -pituitary glands
- Cerebral cortex
- -occipital lobe -parietal lobe -frontal lobe -sensory cortex -motor cortex -association areas
- Medulla
- breathing, heart rate
- Sensory cortex
- body sensations
- Motor cortex
- voluntary movement
- Association areas
- learning, remembering thinking, speaking
- Three types of neurons
- -sensory neurons -motor neurons -interneurons
- Sensory neurons
- convert physical energy into neuron activity
- Motor neurons
- cause muscles to expand/contract
- Interneurons
- provide communication between sensory and motor neurons in other parts of the nervous system
- Neuron
- specialized to rapidly respond to signals and quickly send signals of their own
- Acetylcholine (ACh)
- -movement, attention, memory, and arousal -curare tells the brain to shut down production of ACh
-Alzheimer's brain shown to have low levels of ACh
- Dopamine
- -movement, learning, attention, and emotion -excess linked to schizophrenia
- Serotonin
- -mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal -many antidepressants raise levels (Prozac)
- Norepinephrine
- -alertness, arousal
- Gamm-aminobutyric GABA
- -eating and sleep disorders
- Endorphins
- -natural opiates released in response to pain or vigorous exercise
- Patient is experiencing long-term memory problems
- ACh agonist
- Patient is hallucinating
- dopamine antagonist
- Patient is depressed
- serotonin agonist
- Patient is so anxious he cannot sleep
- norepinephrine antagonist
- Patient is overeating
- GABA agonist
is a relatively new branch of ethics that addresses the dangers and benefits of research investigating the brain. neuroethics
According the psychology, people have positive values and the free will to chose change and personal growth. humanistic
The followers of structuralism used what primary method to accomplish their goals? introspection
A psychologist interested in the social behavior of a cheetah investigates such behavior in the cheetah's natural habitat. This type of research most likely represents naturalistic observation
Correlation provides researchers with a measure of. relationships between people, group or entities
A is a tentative idea that might explain a set of observations. hypothesis
What are three examples of descriptive research naturalistic observation, case studies, theories
Dr. Russel is interested in the effects of caffeine on memory in lab rats. In setting up an experiment, the independent variable is. The dependent variable is. To avoid a confound, Dr. Russel should probably inject all or some of the rats with caffeine, all or some of the rats with water, or not inject some of the rats at all? -caffeine
- memory of the lab rat -not inject some of the rats at all; control group
Psychology the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes that incorporates the A. mental state B. Physical State and C. External Environment
1 Ask questions 2 Define your terms 3Examine evidence 4Analyze assumptions 5Avoid emotional reasoning 6 Don't oversimplify
7Consider other interpretations 8Tolerate uncertainty
Purposes in conducting research on animals
- Basic research on a species (which animals are the most carnivorous)
- Discover practical applications-finding more humane ways to slaughter animals
- Clarify theoretical questions-male-female differences in animals
- Improve human welfare-discovering ways of reducing pain, eliminating cancer etc.
Reason a pitchfork is used in psychology A. Greek symbol for psychology B. Original thought was that mental illness was a result of devil possession
1. Patient A is being hospitalized, due to inhibited motor function.
After looking at the body scans, the doctor determines that Patient A
is experiencing extremely slow neuronal signaling due to a deficiency
of , leading to.
d) myelin sheath, multiple sclerosis
2. In order to control participant expectancy effects, a
may be used.
c) placebo
3. A severed corpus callossum would have which of the following
effects?
a) would treat people suffering from epileptic seizures
b) would reduce crosstalk between hemispheres
c) would have independent left and right motor capabilities
d) all of the above
4. Select the answer that lists the parts of neuron firing in order.
b) dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals
5. The is responsible for the articulation of language
through motor movement.
a) Broca’s area
14. cells help neurons stay in place and keep neural
networks attached to each other
d) glial
15. The Greeks developed the scientific method to combat which
event in their sociohistoric context?
a) physis
b) relativity of truth
c) animism
d) anthropomorphism
16. The people who are on “Survivor” are still able to get food,
regardless of being in some random exotic location and competing
with others. Which aspect of culture does this reflect?
b) praxis
17. Which is NOT a function found within the limbic system?
c) breathing
18. Freud’s psychoanalytic school placed heavy emphasis on
a) underlying mental process due to the subconscious
19. Robert the Researcher wants to do a study regarding freshman
behaviors during the first week of school at ASU in August. While
conducting naturalistic observation however, he notices that freshmen
tend to avoid going outside. He concludes that all freshmen are
introverts and avoid the sunlight – what is a problem in this study?
c) extraneous variables
20. Random sampling is used to ensure that.
c) the subjects are representative of the population
21. After a message is sent out of the CNS, it moves to the
nervous system to reach tissue in the extremities.
b) Peripheral
22. After weighing yourself six times, being frustrated and going to the
doctor’s office, you realize that your scale has been reading your
weight incorrectly by adding ten pounds each time! Your scale is
lacking which critical component of tests?
c) validity
23. Which of the following drugs would you, as the brilliant doctor you
are, prescribe your patient who is suffering from Alzheimer’s disease?
c) acetylcholine agonist
- Robert the Researcher wants to do a study regarding freshman behaviors during the first week of school at ASU. While conducting naturalistic observation however, he notices that freshmen tend to avoid going outside. He concludes that all freshmen are introverts and avoid the sunlight - what is a problem in this study? Extraneous variables
- Paul the Psychologist is interested in studying people's thought patterns and how they acquire knowledge. Which area of study does his research reflect?
B. cognition
24. Gestalt psychologists revolted against which foundational school
of Psychology?
a) Those who followed Wilhelm Wundt
25. Which of the following is not a descriptive method?
b) field experiment
26. Which old dead white guy coined the term “operant conditioning”?
a) B.F. Skinner
27. If you had phantom limb pain, which psychologist might you want
to go visit?
a) V. Ramachandran
28. After having a stroke, a patient loses her eyesight. After several
years, she notices that she can hear more clearly than before. What
concept does this demonstrate?
a) adaptability
