Reflexes are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the
environment.
Reflexes involve more activity of specific body parts
Instincts are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of
events, such as aging and the change of seasons
Reflexes and Instincts help an organism adapt to its environment and does
not have to be learned;learning is a relatively permanent change in
behavior or knowledge that results from experience
Associative learning occurs when an organism makes connections
between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.
Associative learning is central to all three basic learning processes
discussed in this chapter; classical conditioning tends to involve
unconscious processes, operant conditioning tends to involve conscious
processes, and observational learning adds social and cognitive layers to
all the basic associative processes, both conscious and unconscious.In
classical conditioning, organisms learn to associate events or stimuli—that
repeatedly happen together. Observational learning extends the effective
range of both classical and operant conditioning. Observational learning is
the process of watching others and then imitating what they do. Humans
and other animals comes from observational learning.
6.2
Unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an
organism. Unconditioned response is a natural (unlearned) reaction to a
given stimulus. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is presented
immediately before an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.
The conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a response after
repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Pairing a new
neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus is called higher-order
conditioning, or second-order conditioning. Classical conditioning also
applies to humans, even babies. In classical conditioning, the initial period
of learning is known as acquisition, which is when an organism learns to
connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. During
acquisition, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response,
