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PSYC 140 Module 1 actual
solution
According to Erikson, unsucessful completion of the first psychosocial stage will result in ___ - answer - mistrust According to Erikson, the "terrible two's" stem from a toddler's need to assert what? - answer - Autonomy Erikson used the term _____ to refer to producing something that benefits others - answer - generativity How many psychological stages did Erikson describe? - answer
- Eight list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: birth-18 months - answer - oral list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: 18mo-3 years - answer - anal
list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: 3-6 years old - answer - phallic list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: 6 years old-puberty - answer - latency list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: puberty-adulthood - answer - genital Freud: Continuous or Discontinuous - answer - discontinuous Erikson: Continuous or Discontinuous - answer - discontinuous Piaget: Continuous or Discontinuous - answer - discontinuous Skinner: Continuous or Discontinuous - answer - continuous ___ stage theory covers the greatest breadth in the greatest detail (___ through late adulthood). He incorporates ___ development to a greater extent than do the other theorists.
- answer - Erikson's, infancy, social ___ focuses exclusively on ___ development and primarily focuses on ____. - answer - Piaget, cognitive, childhood ____ emphasizes _____ development and also focuses mainly on childhood and ___. - answer - Freud, psychosexual, adolescence
- focuses on development rather than learning
- proposes discrete stages of development marked by qualitative differences rather than gradual increase in number & complexity of behaviors, concepts, ideas, etc. information processing theory - answer - a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output like a computer, the human brain actively manipulates information in specific ways which theory holds that cognitive development is continuous rather than discontinuous? - answer - information processing theory who is an example of sociocultural theorist? - answer - Lev vygotsky who's work and kind of theory is admired for the emphasis on what students can accomplish in conjunction with a teacher's guidance? - answer - lev vygotsky sociocultural theory sociocultural theory - answer - cultural transmission and the role of key individuals in a person's life are extremely important to development
Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory - answer -- focuses on an environment of development (rather than the natural environment)
- includes five environmental systems that influence development determine whether each theorist leans toward the nature or nurture side (freud, erikson, skinner, and piaget) - answer - freud-both erikson-nurture skinner-nurture piaget-nature major periods of development - answer - prenatal infancy and toddlerhood early childhood middle childhood adolescence early adulthood middle adulthood late adulthood distinctive features of human development - answer - lifelong multidirectional multidimensional multidiscliplinary
Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 18mo-3 y/o - answer - autonomy vs. shame/doubt virtue: will (increased independence) failure: overly dependent, lack self-esteem, feeling of shame/doubt in abilities Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 3-5 y/o - answer - initiative vs. guilt virtue: purpose (secure to lead, make decisions) failture: sense of guilt (inhibition of interaction or creativity) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 5-12 y/o - answer - industry vs. inferiority virtue: competence (being confident to achieve goals) failure: sense of inferiority (doubt of their own abilities) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 12-18 y/o - answer - identity vs. role confusion virtue: fidelity (accepting of others even when differences and themselves) failure: role confusion or identity crisis (not sure of theirselves or their place in society) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 18-40 y/o - answer - intimacy vs. isolation virtue: love (happy relationships, sense of commitment, safety, care)
failure: isolation (avoiding intimacy, fear of commitment, loneliness, depression) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 40-65 y/o - answer - generativity vs. stagnation virtue: care (feelings of usefulness and accomplishment) failure: stagnation (feeling unproductive, disconnected, uninvolved) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 65-death - answer - ego integrity vs. despair virtue: wisdom (enables one to look back on life with sense of closure and completeness, accept death without fear) failure: despair (dissatisfied with life, feeling life was unproductive, guilt, not accomplished, depression, hopelessness) types of behaviorism - answer --classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- social learning classical conditioning - answer - a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events operant conditioning - answer - a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
- choose 2 of erikson's psychosocial stages and do the following: A. name the stage B. name age group associated C. describe in detail the crises that occurs - answer - 1. A. trust vs. mistrust B. birth-18 months C. at this age, the care by their primary caregiver that is received is vital. if they receive consistent care that is reliable they will develop a sense of trust and a feeling of secure and will lead to the virtue of hope. as a new crisis arises the hope they have give them a trusting feeling that they will have a source of support. if the care they receive is not consistent not reliable or unpredictable, hope will turn to mistrust and leading to fear. they will have a sense of mistrust when new crisis arise with increased anxiety, insecurities, etc.
- choose 2 of erikson's psychosocial stages and do the following: A. name the stage B. name age group associated C. describe in detail the crises that occurs - answer - 2. A. identity vs. role confusion B. 12-18 years old C. the crises that occur at this stage are searching for a sense of self and personal identity through exploration of personal values, beliefs and goals. the individual explores
possibilities and begin to form their own identity based on the outcome. during this stage, this age group may feel uncomfortable about the changes in their body for a while until they can adapt and grow into the changes, success in this stage leads to fidelity. the virtue of fidelity allows one to commit to their own self and accepting others even if ideas or opinions differ. failure to establish a sense of self can lead to role confusion such as an individual not being sure about who they are or their place in society so they may begin to experiment with a variety of different lifestyles what should a parent of a toddler do to address the delicate balance of navigating a child through the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage? be specific in indicating a realistic way a parent can do this - answer - this stage is when toddlers begin to become more mobile, and independent. for a parent wanting to address the balance of navigation through this stage would be to encourage the child to become more independent while also protecting them so constant failure is avoided. this environment will lead to a healthy balance and success of the stage. for example, instead of when the toddler was an infant and were dependent on the parent, now instead of putting their clothes on or picking what they wear, allow the toddler to try themselves until they succeed for ask for help. attempt to not do everything for them, but if failure occurs they cannot criticize them for this but continue to be encouraging such as potty training
