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PSYC Chapter 12
In one study of 105 Vietnam War veterans with chronic PTSD, the subjects were asked to keep a sleep diary over the course of six weeks. The researchers found that shorter duration of sleep was correlated with A) length of service in Vietnam. B) degree of post-service adjustment. C) depth of co-morbid depression. D) severity of PTSD. - D) severity of PTSD. Which of the following is the most practical method to gauge the number of cigarettes the subjects of a health-related study are smoking? A) Behavioral observation B) Self-report by individual subjects C) Experimenter diary-keeping D) Analogue recall - B) Self-report by individual subjects Although phallometric data have increasingly been introduced into evidence in American and Canadian courts, concerns have been raised about the _____ of such data. A) reliability and validity B) utility C) effectiveness D) None of these answers is correct. - A) reliability and validity Although widely acknowledged to be of value in monitoring the progress in treatment of sex offenders, the value of phallometric data in criminal proceedings is A) less straightforward. B) very well-documented. C) undisputed by experts. D) only accepted into evidence in the Dominican Republic. - A) less straightforward. An inherent problem with phallometric methods is that a defendant's self-interest co- exists with a well- documented ability of the assessee to A) "fake good" on the test. B) do the best they can on the task. C) purposely fail the task.
D) be first to finish the task. - A) "fake good" on the test. The lack of standardization in phallometrics is in part due to A) a plethora of scoring systems. B) a plethora of methodologies. C) both a plethora of scoring systems and methodologies. D) None of these answers is correct. - C) both a plethora of scoring systems and methodologies. Woods and Anderson (2016) are among those researchers working to find common ground between behavioral conceptualizations of psychopathology and _____ conceptualizations. A) DSM- B) biopsychosocial C) medical-modeled D) person-centered - A) DSM- Research suggests that there may come a day when clinicians discuss general ( g) and specific ( s) factors in personality disorders in a way that is analogous to current discussions of g and s with respect to A) biopsychosocial aspects of depression. B) neuropsychological disorders. C) intelligence. D) personality in general. - C) intelligence. With regard to a DSM diagnosis of a personality disorder, such disorders may be more usefully conceived and diagnosed A) in diagnostic categorizations. B) as other psychiatric disorders. C) as psychopathology on a continuum or dimension. D) in a way that de-pathologizes them. - C) as psychopathology on a continuum or dimension. Proposed improvements to the way that personality disorders are diagnosed have included A) sharpening the specificity of existing diagnostic categorizations. B) re-conceptualizing existing diagnostic categorizations. C) ordering diagnoses along a dimensional continuum. D) All of these answers are correct. - C) ordering diagnoses along a dimensional continuum. The "all-or-none error" as applied to the DSM diagnostic system for diagnosing personality disorders refers to the fact that
C) Nearly 1, D) Nearly 1,500 - C) Nearly 1, On the basis of their factor-analytic study, Sharp et al. (2015) concluded that the nine criteria for borderline personality loaded most strongly, and virtually exclusively, on the A) general ( g) factor, with little trace of s (the specific factor) to be found. B) specific ( s) factor, with little trace of g (the general factor) to be found. C) error ( e) factor, with roughly equivalent traces of the general ( g) and specific ( s) factors. D) specific ( s) factor, with roughly equivalent traces of the general ( g) and error ( e) factors. - A) general ( g) factor, with little trace of s (the specific factor) to be found. Sharp et al. (2015) interpreted their findings as suggesting that borderline personality disorder A) is analogous only to the specific ( s) factor in conceptualizations of intelligence. B) represents the core features of personality pathology in general. C) is a much less severe disorder than previously thought. D) has elemental features unique from other personality disorders. - B) represents the core features of personality pathology in general. Which of the following was a limitation of the Sharp et al. (2015) study? A) It focused exclusively on the six personality disorders that are described in Section III of the DSM. B) It did not focus on the ten personality disorders described in Section II of the DSM. C) It used an inpatient sample of subject, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings exclusively to inpatients. D) All of these answers are correct. - D) All of these answers are correct. In 2011, the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) was published. The R- PAS was characterized by its authors as A) "a means of systematically observing and measuring personality in action." B) "a new conceptualization of a proven projective method." C) "a method for developing novel clinical hypotheses." D) "a combination of evidence-based insights applied to an iconic projective method." - A) "a means of systematically observing and measuring personality in action." Which of the following is not true about the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS)? A) According to its authors, it was created to compete with Exner's Comprehensive System. B) According to its authors, it is supplemented by an online scoring program that calculates summary scores. C) The R-PAS manual contains detailed instructions for administering the Rorschach. D) The R-PAS manual contains detailed instructions for coding Rorschach responses. - A) According to its authors, it was created to compete with Exner's Comprehensive System.
Dr. Monica Webb Hooper, Director of the Office of Cancer Disparities Research at Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, holds a Ph.D. in _____ psychology, with a specialization in health psychology. A) social B) developmental C) clinical D) organizational - C) clinical According to Dr. Monica Webb Hooper, assessment is a critical component of research because it A) is a common thread in past and present research, as well as research yet to be devised. B) is only through rigorous measurement that variables targeted in research may be operationalized, quantified, and ultimately, evaluated meaningfully. C) is only through rigorous measurement that changes in specified behaviors can be meaningfully gauged. D) All of these answers are correct. - D) All of these answers are correct. According to Dr. Monica Webb Hooper, which of the following behaviors is "grossly underestimated in terms of its threat to good health"? A) Unprotected sex B) Overeating C) Smoking D) Physical inactivity - C) Smoking Dr. Monica Webb Hooper offered four recommendations to students interested in a career as a research psychologist. Which of the following is not one of those recommendations? A) Practice communicating assessment and research results to fellow professionals and the public. B) Learn about test administration, scoring, and interpretation. C) Submit a research article to a journal and pay close attention to the feedback. D) Strive to understand the scientific basis for reliable and valid assessments. - C) Submit a research article to a journal and pay close attention to the feedback. Which of the following groups of researchers would be most likely to make use of phallometric data? A) Researchers studying voting preferences B) Researchers studying pedophilia C) Researchers studying agoraphobia D) Researchers studying the validity of projective methods - B) Researchers studying pedophilia The approach where test responses are treated as clues to the test taker's underlying personality or abilities is the
C) Hermann Rorschach An element of a Rorschach administration is termed the "inquiry." This term to A) all questions asked by the examiner. B) the investigative process of the examiner. C) the process of clarifying the test taker's original response. D) the process of asking and then re-raising questions. - C) the process of clarifying the test taker's original response. Which of the following is a category by which a Rorschach response can be scored? A) Location B) Popularity C) Content D) All of these answers are correct. - D) All of these answers are correct. John E. Exner, Jr. A) was the founding curator of the Hermann Rorschach Museum and Archives. B) created a Rorschach scoring system that he called a "comprehensive system." C) authored a book that reviewed several Rorschach scoring systems. D) All of these answers are correct. - D) All of these answers are correct. In response to longstanding criticisms related to the psychometric soundness of the Rorschach test, the _____ was designed. A) Holtzman Inkblot Technique B) Thematic Apperception Test C) Picture Story Test D) Ecological Momentary Assessment - A) Holtzman Inkblot Technique According to Jensen (1965), the rate of scientific progress in clinical psychology might well be measured by the speed and thoroughness with which A) it accepts tests like the Rorschach. B) it rejects projective techniques as unreliable and invalid. C) it gets over the Rorschach. D) it understands the need for normed projective measures. - C) it gets over the Rorschach. At the beginning of the twentieth century, an early study using pictures as projective stimuli for storytelling found differences in the stories that children gave in response to nine pictures. This difference was found to be a function of_____.
A) religion B) gender C) age D) race - B) gender The packaged set of Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards is published with _____ cards in the set. A) 18 B) 23 C) 31 D) 42 - C) 31 When scoring the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), A) most examiners use the scoring manual packaged with the test. B) most examiners use the scoring manual written by Christiana Morgan. C) most examiners use independent, online scoring services. D) None of these answers is correct. - D) None of these answers is correct. Different Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards have different stimulus "pulls." By this, it is meant that different TAT cards have different A) form demands. B) latent stimulus demands. C) variations on the same theme. D) frequent plots. - B) latent stimulus demands. Which of the following is one of the earliest attempts to develop a standardized test using words as projective stimuli? A) The Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test B) The Blacky Pictures Test C) TEMAS D) The School Apperception Method - A) The Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test In which of the following tests does the test taker fill in what the people in a cartoon-like stimulus might be saying or thinking? A) The Children's Apperception Test-Human B) The Roberts Apperception Test for Children C) The Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study D) None of these answers is correct. - C) The Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study
D) structured versus unstructured. - D) structured versus unstructured. In the context of approaches to clinical assessment, sign is to sample as traditional is to A) objective. B) projective. C) behavioral. D) None of these answers is correct. - C) behavioral. Timeline-followback procedure is to ecological momentary assessment as past is to A) present. B) extinct. C) consequence. D) defunct. - A) present. The timeline-followback procedure is essentially a behavioral record A) of the "here and now." B) that gauges duration. C) of the past. D) that is future-oriented. - C) of the past. Ecological momentary assessment is essentially a behavioral record A) of the "here and now." B) that gauges duration. C) that entails verbal input. D) that is future-oriented. - A) of the "here and now." Which of the following is true of traditional psychometric standards applicable to behavioral assessment? A) Cone argued that reliability and validity were both relevant. B) Cone argued that reliability and validity were both not relevant. C) Bellak and Hersen argued that reliability and validity were both relevant. D) All of these answers are correct. - D) All of these answers are correct. According to Emanuel Hammer, people project their self-image or self-concept in _____. A) figure drawings B) paintings C) dreams
D) All of these answers are correct. - D) All of these answers are correct. The oracle-like, clinical approach to personality assessment has been characterized as the third ear approach. On the contrary, contemporary orientation has been characterized as a(n) A) El Greco approach. B) van Gogh approach. C) Monet approach. D) Pablo Picasso approach. - B) van Gogh approach. Why is it surprising that B. F. Skinner developed the first auditory projective test? A) As a behaviorist, B. F. Skinner did not believe that mentalistic terms such as projection are scientifically useful. B) The development of this test was an accidental product of a behavioral assessment for hearing that B. F. Skinner had been working on. C) B. F. Skinner did not believe in projective instruments but nonetheless believed there was a great market for this test at the time. D) Most of B. F. Skinner's career was in the era before sound could be recorded, and this test was one of his final accomplishments. - B) The development of this test was an accidental product of a behavioral assessment for hearing that B. F. Skinner had been working on. Why did projective tests using ambiguous sounds eventually become unpopular with clinicians? A) Advocates for the disabled argued convincingly that these tests were biased against people with disabilities. B) The sounds were considered offensive by some cultural groups. C) Insurance companies refused to reimburse clinicians for administering them. D) The tests did not distinguish between clinical and nonclinical groups. - D) The tests did not distinguish between clinical and nonclinical groups. Controversy surrounding Exner's norms for the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach stemmed from the claim that A) Exner took great liberties when developing the norms, making their validity questionable. B) the graduate students collecting the data were poorly trained. C) the normative sample from Detroit was not representative. D) the norms over-pathologized nonclinical groups. - D) the norms over-pathologized nonclinical groups. There is no point in aggregating Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) scores into a scale in the absence of applying internal consistency reliability criteria. Proponents of the TAT respond to this criticism by noting that A) internal consistency seldom has any bearing on validity. B) each subunit of an aggregated group of predictors of a construct, when found in
A) indirect B) futile C) objective D) behavioral - A) indirect Projective tests A) are direct methods of personality assessment. B) place great verbal demands on the test taker. C) are relatively unstructured techniques. D) All of these answers are correct. - C) are relatively unstructured techniques. Projective drawing expert Emanuel Hammer identified certain commonalities in the features of figure drawings rendered by persons from certain diagnostic groups. For example, Hammer noted that in the figure drawings of males who had raped women, commonalities included A) simian-like arms. B) exaggerated shoulders. C) an inflated chest. D) All of these answers are correct. - D) All of these answers are correct. Emanuel Hammer observed differences between a figure drawing produced by a rapist and one produced by an adult male pedophile. The most prominent difference was in the A) size of the figure. B) details in the rendering of the genitalia. C) documented comments made by the offender during the test administration. D) number of additional people introduced into the drawing. - A) size of the figure. For projective drawing expert Emanuel Hammer, a prominent feature of the figure drawings of male pedophiles is A) the introduction of a second person in the drawing. B) the powerful arms exhibited by the person drawn. C) an overall sense of inadequacy or immaturity. D) comments made by the offender while drawing. - C) an overall sense of inadequacy or immaturity. In recent years, interpretations of responses to projective stimuli have A) increasingly been criticized for being culturally loaded. B) become increasingly norm-referenced. C) attempted to tap less and less unconscious content. D) None of these answers is correct. -
B) become increasingly norm-referenced. The assumption that individuals provide structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with their individual needs, conflicts, and impulses is known as A) the psychoanalytic concept of repression. B) the stimulus-response hypothesis. C) the defense mechanism of denial. D) the projective hypothesis. - D) the projective hypothesis. The development of projective tests A) was virtually ignored by legitimate test publishers for the last 25 years. B) represented a reaction to attempts to assess personality using normative approaches. C) was heralded by those employing actuarial prediction as a breakthrough in assessment techniques. D) All of these answers are correct. - B) represented a reaction to attempts to assess personality using normative approaches. The use of projective tests minimizes A) an assessee's attempt to fake good or fake bad. B) the necessity for examinees to have a working knowledge of English. C) cross-cultural bias. D) the need for payment by third parties such as insurers. - A) an assessee's attempt to fake good or fake bad. The Rorschach Inkblot Test A) was originally developed with highly structured and comprehensive administration and scoring instructions. B) can be purchased as either a black-and-white or a multicolored set of cards. C) is used widely by behavioral psychologists. D) None of these answers are correct. - D) None of these answers are correct. When administering the Rorschach Inkblot Test, A) an inquiry may be undertaken after the first administration in an attempt to clarify what was reported being seen. B) spontaneous statements that the test taker makes that are irrelevant to the card presented are not considered in the interpretation. C) "testing the limits" and asking specific questions of the examinee may invalidate the findings. D) care must be taken to ensure that examinees blacken the grids fully, and only with #2 pencils. - A) an inquiry may be undertaken after the first administration in an attempt to clarify what was reported being seen. The stimulus cards of the Rorschach test are
D) Agreement with respect to how specific responses should be scored according to a certain scoring system does not necessarily imply agreement on the interpretation of a Rorschach protocol. - D) Agreement with respect to how specific responses should be scored according to a certain scoring system does not necessarily imply agreement on the interpretation of a Rorschach protocol. Assessing the reliability of the Rorschach using the split-half method is inappropriate because A) there are not enough inkblots to enable interpretation through the split-half method. B) stimulus cards are presented twice and possibly three times. C) responses by subjects may be too lengthy to adapt to split-half procedures. D) each inkblot is considered to have a unique stimulus quality. - D) each inkblot is considered to have a unique stimulus quality. Debate over the validity of the Rorschach has stemmed from inconclusive results of research examining A) the predictive validity of the Rorschach. B) the effectiveness of the Rorschach in differentiating between clinical groups. C) the interpretation of Rorschach responses. D) All of these answers are correct. - D) All of these answers are correct. The Rorschach test A) continues to be a widely used clinical tool, despite its questionable validity. B) is taught in graduate psychology programs but is seldom used in professional practice. C) is neither widely taught in graduate psychology programs nor is widely used in professional practice. D) ceased to be published in 2011. - A) continues to be a widely used clinical tool, despite its questionable validity. Exner's Comprehensive System for scoring the Rorschach test A) was the system endorsed by Hermann Rorschach himself. B) was studied extensively and found to be unreliable. C) is the product of a joint collaboration by psychologists from around the world. D) is an attempt to integrate the best features of various scoring systems. - D) is an attempt to integrate the best features of various scoring systems. Exner's Comprehensive System for scoring the Rorschach test A) results in some scoring categories that are deemed unreliable, but only because these categories are sensitive to the present state of the respondent. B) has been found to be more reliable for research use than for use with clinical populations of multicultural origin. C) has been heavily criticized for being standardized only on populations with psychiatric disorders that have a low prevalence.
D) was initially conceived as part of an all-consuming, "last ditch effort" to keep the Exners from having members of the Myers-Briggs clan as in-laws. - A) results in some scoring categories that are deemed unreliable, but only because these categories are sensitive to the present state of the respondent. Of the following projective tests, which is the most widely used? A) The Draw-A-Person Test B) The Holtzman Inkblot Test C) The Thematic Apperception Test D) The Rorschach Inkblot Test - D) The Rorschach Inkblot Test Of the following projective picture-story telling tests, which is the most widely used? A) The Thematic Apperception Test B) The Make-a-Picture Story Method C) The Children's Apperception Test D) The Roberts Apperception Test - A) The Thematic Apperception Test An assumption inherent in the clinical use of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is that assessees A) are unaware of the significance of their responses. B) are aware of the significance of their responses. C) are unable to use their imagination to describe the pictures on the cards. D) None of these answers is correct. - A) are unaware of the significance of their responses. Pictures as projective stimuli A) are considered to be the earliest form of personality assessment. B) may be photos, paintings, drawings, or etchings. C) must depict human beings in some situation. D) All of these answers are correct. - B) may be photos, paintings, drawings, or etchings. The Children's Apperception Test (CAT) depicts _____ in its pictures. A) clouds B) animals C) fruits D) buildings - B) animals When administering the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), A) all stimulus cards are presented to all subjects. B) a minimum of ten cards must be presented.
B) the most critical variable is the length of time required to complete the drawing. C) nationally representative standardization samples are frequently used. D) None of these answers is correct. - D) None of these answers is correct. Different test takers may evidence similarities in response themes to the same projective stimuli. This fact has been used by critics of projective techniques to support the fact that A) there is a commonality of response to projective material. B) responses to projective material are the result of stimulus-response models of behavior. C) projective material is not as ambiguous as proponents claim. D) multiple-choice tests must be used with projective methods if accurate interpretations are to result. - C) projective material is not as ambiguous as proponents claim. Which of the following assumptions concerning projective methods was questioned by Murstein? A) The more ambiguous the stimuli, the more subjects reveal about their personality. B) Subjects are unaware of what they are disclosing. C) There is a parallel between behavior obtained on a projective test and behavior displayed in social situations. D) All of these answers are correct. - D) All of these answers are correct. Which of the following is not a reason for critics having attacked projective tests? A) The assumptions inherent in the use of projective tests B) The situational variables that affect projective test results C) The low reliability of projective tests D) The difficulties in administering projective tests - D) The difficulties in administering projective tests Which of the following statements is true about projective techniques in general? A) There is a direct and positive correlation between the ambiguity of the stimuli and the amount of information the subject reveals about his or her personality. B) Projective techniques continue to enjoy widespread clinical acceptance despite their questionable psychometric soundness. C) Projection has been shown to be greater for stimulus material that is familiar to the subject. D) Projection on a grand scale has been referred to by clinicians as "IMAX projection." - B) Projective techniques continue to enjoy widespread clinical acceptance despite their questionable psychometric soundness. The assumption that individuals will supply structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with their own conscious and unconscious concerns underlies the A) projectile hypothesis. B) subjective hypothesis. C) projective hypothesis.
D) Skinnerian hypothesis. - C) projective hypothesis. When interpreting a person's response to an inkblot test, it is important to interpret A) only what the individual perceives in the blot. B) what the individual perceives in the blot and how he or she perceives it. C) whether or not the test user would have responded in the same way. D) All of these answers are correct. - B) what the individual perceives in the blot and how he or she perceives it. Scoring criteria for the Rorschach include A) accuracy, content, determinants, form, and popularity. B) accuracy, polarity, reliability, and validity. C) content, form, reliability, and validity. D) content, determinants, form, location, and popularity. - D) content, determinants, form, location, and popularity. The strongest psychometric aspect of the Rorschach is its A) inter-rater reliability with respect to interpretations. B) inter-rater reliability with respect to scoring categories. C) test-retest reliability over a short period of time. D) internal-consistency split-half reliability for odd and even items. - B) inter-rater reliability with respect to scoring categories. The Comprehensive System for interpreting the Rorschach was developed A) to create a system that incorporated all of the best features of other systems. B) to increase the validity of the test by determining common responses. C) to increase the number of responses given by examinees to each blot by expanding the inquiry period. D) All of these answers are correct. - A) to create a system that incorporated all of the best features of other systems. The guiding principle underlying the interpretation of TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) responses is that A) assessees will identify with someone in the story and indirectly express their own needs. B) assessees will display their level of creativity while composing a story. C) the protagonist in the story will express the same personality traits as the person telling the story. D) the protagonist in the story will have the same personality type as the person telling the story. - A) assessees will identify with someone in the story and indirectly express their own needs. How is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) similar to the Rorschach? A) Inter-rater reliability based on interpretation is high. B) Inter-rater reliability based on coding categories is low.
