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Psych 101 Quizzes
Science can best be described as which of the following? - A method for learning through systematic observation and experimentation How is scientific observation different from everyday observation? - Scientific obeservation is objective, systematic, and relies on evidence. Considering the question "What evidence supports this postition?" after reading an article is an example of which of the following? - Critical thinking In science, the word "theory" refers to which of the following? - A set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict research outcomes. New research begins with a type of inference, or an educated guess, based on prior evidence and logical possibilities. What is this inference called? - Hypothesis Stephanie wants to learn about the behavior of lemurs in their normal surroundings. What research method should she use? - Naturalistic observation An in-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people is called what? - Case study Kelly wants to know what flavors of ice cream students would like to have available in the student union cafe. What is an inexpensive way she can identify and reach a large number of students in order to find out? - Survey
When the sample participants selected for a survey reflect the characteristics of the population being studied, the sample is said to be which of the following? - A representative sample What type of research allows the researcher to measure the direction and strength of the relationship between variable without cause and effect? - Correlational research Peggy has hypothesixed that using fertilizer will increase the yield of tomatio plants in her garden. In this experiment, which variable is the independent variable? - The fertilizer What research method is used to assess age-related changes in which data is obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long period of time? - Longitudinal study Jose has collected data on an experiment. He plans to organize the data into meaningful patterns that reveal the mean, median, and mode. What form of analysis is Jose using? - Descriptive statistics What term describes a measure of how tighlty clustered a group of scores from a data set is around the average? - Standard deviation If a researcher wants to extend the conclusions reached from the data drawn from sample populations to a larger population, the researcher would use what type of data analysis? - Inferental statistics A researcher has thoroughly explained the risks and benefits of an experimental procedure to the research participant. When the research participant then provides permission for the researcher to conduct the procedure, the participant is acknowledging which of the following? -
Which of the following carries sensory and motor information between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body? - The peripheral nervous system (PNS) Which of the following protect the brain and spinal cord? - Bones, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid What area of the brain stem sits above the pons and contains structures that are important in reflexes, movement, pain as well as states of arousal, mood, appetite, and aggression? - Midbrain The hypothalamus participates in which of the following functions? - Regulating homeostasis and motivated behavior Which structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing information to be passed quickly from one hemisphere to the other? - Corpus callosum Tina is interested in studying the functions controlled by the frontal lobe. What should she focus on in her research? - Voluntary movement and complex cognitive functions What area of the frontal lobe is responsible for planning of behavior, attention, and judgement? - Prefrontal cortex Where in the brain is the association cortex and what functions does it support? - The association cortex is located in the cerebral cortex and helps form connections between sensation and action, language, and abstract thought.
What portion of the nervous system both delivers commands to the muscles directing voluntary movement and communicates information back to the central nervous system? - Somatic nervous system Kelly is walking to her car late in the evening and hears a trash can rattling nearby; her heart begins to race, and she suddenly experiences a rush of energy. What division of Kelly's nervous system is most active at this time? - Sympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with which of the following? - Rest, repair, and energy storage Which body system releases hormones into the blood? - Endocrine system Which nerve cell structure is responsible for passing information to the cells around it? - Axon Which of the following neurochemicals is associated with movement, planning, and reward? - Dopamine Which neurotransmitter is best known for influencing mood, appetite, and sleep? - Serotonin Epinephrine and norepinephrine influence which of the following? - Arousal and vigilance Many antidepressants, such as Prozac, act by inhibiting serotonin reuptake. What does this mean? - The recapture of released neurochemical molecules by the releasing (presynaptic) cell slows down, giving the molecules more opportunities to interact with receptors.
What is the function of cones in the eye? - Cones are receptor cells that detect color and provide highly detailed vision. Which theory of color vision proposes the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths? - Trichromatic Which of the following are required to support depth perception? - Monocular and binocular cues What role does the pinna play in the ability to hear? - The pinna collects sound waves and funnels them toward the auditory canal. Which structure of the ear contains rows of hair cells that transduce sound energy into neural signals? - Organ of Corti What structure is responsible for carrying sound information to the brain? - Auditory nerve What structures provides information about body position and movement to the brain? - Vestibular system What process(es) provide us with information about the position and movement of our bodies, along with touch, skin temperature, and pain? - Somatosensation Gate theory explains which phenomenon? - Touch receptors can interfere with pain receptors, thereby reducing the level of pain felt from an injury.
What structures receive input from sensory receptors in the nose? - Olfactory bulbs What structure in the nose is responsible for carrying information from the sensory receptors to the processing regions that use it? - Olfactory nerve Taste receptors are located within what structure? - Papillae Which of the following relies on chemical stimuli? - Olfaction and gustation Chapter 6 The Aware Mind - When considering consciousness, state of awareness refers to which of the following? - The current level of focus of awareness or attention At 18 months of age, Ruth has realized she is distinct from others and is a unique individual. Psychologists would say that Ruth has developed which of the following? - Self-awareness Valerie, a psychology major, was asked by her high school aged sister to describe sleep. Which of the following responses should she give to accurately describe sleep to her sister? - Sleep is a normal state of consciousness, characterized by reduced awareness of external stimuli. Tim is alert and aware of the many sights and sounds around him. Which state of awareness is Tim currently experiencing? - A waking state
Dreams are the result of on-going neural activity. Lucy was having a particularly vivid dream; however, she realized she was dreaming and altered the content of her dream while still asleep. Scientists would say Lucy was having which of the following experiences? - Lucid dreaming James usually starts his morning with one cup of coffee because, in his experience, the caffeine makes him more alert. However, lately, James finds he needs two cups to achieve the same results. What phenomena is James experiencing? - Tolerance A compulsive physical or psychological need for a substance or activity that continues in spite of negative consequences is referred to as which of the following? - Addiction A compulsive physical or psychological need for a substance or activity that continues in spite of negative consequences is referred to as which of the following? - Addiction Which of the following are hallucinogens? - Marijuana and LSD OxyContin and morphine are examples of what group of psychoactive substances? - Opioids A voluntary alteration of consciousness characterized by positive emotion and absence of thought is referred to as which of the following? - Meditation Human growth hormone stimulates growth and repair of the body. Most human growth hormone release occurs during which state of consciousness? -
Stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep The definition "a combination of arousal, physical sensations, and subjective feelings that occurs spontaneously in response to environmental stimuli" describes which of the following terms? - Emotion Motivation is described as which of the following? - A process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal What are the two basic components of emotion? - Sensation and subjective feelings Which theory of emotion proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings? - James-Lange theory While walking to her car in the dark, Jane felt the hair on the back of her neck tingle, and at the same time she felt afraid. Which theory of emotion is demonstrated by this example? - Cannon-Bard theory Late at night, Fred heard a scratching sound against the kitchen window. Fred concluded that someone must be trying to break into the house, and only then did he feel afraid. Which theory of emotion is demonstrated by this example? - Schachter-Singer two-factor theory Kalindi experienced a difficult week at work, failed an exam at school, and had an argument with her spouse. At the suggestion of a friend, Kalindi visited a rage room and vented her frustration on the items found there. She felt much better after her session. What has Kalindi experienced? - Catharsis Which description of emotion suggests that a range of physical sensations from precise to general requires varying degrees of cognitive processing prior to subjective feelings? -
Enzo enjoys playing piano. He plays for the pure enjoyment of creating music and needs no other incentive to keep playing. Enzo is motivated by which of the following? - Intrinsic reward Which of the following terms refers to an eating disorder characterized by overeating, purging, and having feelings of depression, disgust, and lost control? - Bulimia nervosa A desire to excel or outperform others is referred to as which of the following? - Achievement motivation Maslow's hierarchy of needs depicts which of the following needs on the lowest level of the pyramid? - Physiological needs Chapter 8 The Adaptive Mind - During his annual physical, the doctor taps on Veeti's knee with a small rubber mallet, causing Veeti's knee to jerk. Veeti's response is an example of - a reflex. To be considered learning, a relatively permanent change in behavior must be based on which of the following? - Experience Operant conditioning is an example of which type of learning? - Associative learning Sleeping better the second night in the same hotel because you have adjusted to the unfamiliar noises in the environment is an example of -
habituation. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits a response without any prior experience is referred to as the - unconditioned stimulus. Every time Sovann reaches for the fuzzy bunny, a loud, scary noise occurs. After some time, Sovann cries when he sees a fuzzy bunny. In classical conditioning, the fuzzy bunny has become the - conditioned stimulus. After having been conditioned to fear a fuzzy bunny, Sovann now also fears a fuzzy puppy. In classical conditioning, Sovann's response to the fuzzy puppy is called which of the following? - Generalization Miu takes medication to help treat alcohol addiction. Every time she has a drink, the medication paired with the alcohol makes her nauseous. As a result, Miu drinks alcohol less and less frequently. In classical conditioning, this is an example of - aversion therapy. The type of learning in which behaviors are associated with their consequences is known as which of the following? - Operant conditioning In operant conditioning, an event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response is considered a - reinforcer. Every time Tia chews her fingernails, her sister Tamara pinches her arm. As a result, Tia chews her nails less and less frequently. In operant conditioning, the pinch is an example of a - punisher. Which of the following examples utilizes a primary reinforcer? -
Continuous reinforcement Dawkins posited that much of cultural learning occurs through observation. He introduced which of the following terms to describe an observable unit of cultural transmission? - Meme Chapter 9 The Knowing Mind - Which term refers to the memory process by which previously stored information is accessed for use in working memory? - Retrieval Iconic memory and echoic memory are forms of which of the following options? - Sensory memory What best describes the capacity and duration of sensory memory? - Large capacity but a short duration What is the average number of information bits that one can hold in short-term memory? - 7 Which memory technique groups similar or meaningful bits of information together, thereby expanding the capacity of short-term memory? - Chunking Which component of short-term memory combines information from long-term memory with the active processing in working memory? - Episodic buffer
While studying, Pam considers the meaning of new information as well as how it links to what she has learned before. This type of encoding is known as - elaborative rehearsal. Jack finds that he can only remember the first few terms and the last few terms on his vocabulary quiz. What might explain his experience? - Serial position effect Aiko can recall details of her wedding day. The smell of salt air, the sand in her toes, and the lovely fragrance of the lilies in her bouquet are all fresh in her mind. Where in her memory has Aiko stored this information? - Episodic memory Taimur no longer has to think about the route he drives to and from school each day. His memory for this skill is stored as what type of long-term memory? - Implicit memory Colby found a box containing souvenirs from a summer camp he attended years ago. Suddenly, Colby remembered an array of pleasant memories from that summer. The souvenirs are - retrieval cues. Maria is taking a multiple-choice test like this one. What type of memory retrieval is Maria using? - Recognition While taking an exam, you know the answer to a question, and yet it seems to be just out of reach in your mind. This experience is referred as which of the following? - Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) Emotionally significant personal or public events can produce especially vivid and permanent memories that psychologists have called - flashbulb memory.
Nasjea is self-disciplined, responsible, and achievement driven. Which of the following Big Five traits is Nasjea demonstrating? - Conscientiousness Lynette sticks to her favorite choices from the menu of a chain restaurant even when new items are often available. Personality psychologists would say Lynette would likely score low on which of the following traits? - Openness If you have an internal locus of control, you believe that most of your outcomes are due to - talent and effort. The belief that personality emerges through subjective experience and free will rather than prior learning is a view held by - humanists. Research on genetics and personality indicates which of the following? - Genetics, or hereditability, accounts for 50% of personality. A child's pattern of mood, activity, and emotional responsiveness is referred to as - their temperament. Activity in brain networks, rather than structural differences, forms the basis of - reinforcement sensitivity theory. Neurochemicals like dopamine and opioids appear to be related to which of the following personality traits? - Extroversion Which type of personality assessment would be considered the most valid and reliable? -
Personality inventory The Rorschach Inkblot Test contains 10 different inkblots, some in color and others in black and white. The job of the participants is to describe what each inkblot looks like to them. What type of personality assessment is the Rorschach Inkblot Test? - Projective test Kember demonstrates knowledge of his own internal traits, feelings, roles, and memories. Psychologists would say that he has developed - self-awareness. Renae failed a chemistry exam. She expressed to her friends that she felt she would likely fail every exam that term. Renae's statement demonstrates which of the following? - Overgeneralization One source of self-esteem is the judgments we make of our own worth relative to those around us. Such judgments are known as - social comparisons. Which of the following statements best describes self-regulation? - Conscious executive efforts to control our thoughts, motives, feelings, and behaviors Izara has realized that she behaves differently when interacting with her family than when interacting with classmates at school. Izara is experiencing which of the following during her class meetings? - Collective self Which of the following statements best reflects the characteristics of an individualistic culture? - James broke his personal record for rebounds during the playoffs, which he found satisfying even though his team failed to advance. Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem is true? -
