Psychotherapies: Psychoanalysis, Humanistic, Behavioral, Cognitive, and Group Approaches | Exams Psychology

PSYCH- Chapter 15

Psychotherapies -

psychoanalysis, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, group therapies, psychodynamic☑️

Describe person-centered therapy within humanistic theory. -

in person centered therapy the client leads the conversation and the therapist uses ☑️

techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate

clients' growth.

-The therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward

certain insights

-basically lets the client ramble and kind of come yto their own conclusions

What is the therapist's "job" in client-centered therapy - what techniques do they use? (active

listening and unconditional positive regard) -

- with active listening the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification its supposed to☑️

create a psychological mirror for client to see themself more clearly

-unconditional positive regard is when the therapist has a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude,

which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Why is it called an "insight" therapy? -

they are called that because their goal is to try to help clients discover new insights (look☑️

at things with a dif perspective)

insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of

underlying motives and defenses.

What are the critiques of this type of therapy? -

-lack of Scientific Rigor☑️

-Overemphasis on Individual Experience

-limited use with severe mental illnesses

free association in psychoanalysis -

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes ☑️

and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

interpretation in psychoanalysis -

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and ☑️

other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

-your reluctance to call or message your mother—may illuminate the underlying wishes, feelings,

and conflicts you are avoiding

resistance in psychoanalysis -

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material☑️

anxiety is stopping you from talking about/ retrieving information about your past

transference in psychoanalysis -

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PSYCH- Chapter 15

Psychotherapies - ☑️ psychoanalysis, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, group therapies, psychodynamic Describe person-centered therapy within humanistic theory. - ☑️ in person centered therapy the client leads the conversation and the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. -The therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights -basically lets the client ramble and kind of come yto their own conclusions What is the therapist's "job" in client-centered therapy - what techniques do they use? (active listening and unconditional positive regard) - ☑️ - with active listening the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification its supposed to create a psychological mirror for client to see themself more clearly -unconditional positive regard is when the therapist has a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance Why is it called an "insight" therapy? - ☑️ they are called that because their goal is to try to help clients discover new insights (look at things with a dif perspective) insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. What are the critiques of this type of therapy? - ☑️ -lack of Scientific Rigor -Overemphasis on Individual Experience -limited use with severe mental illnesses free association in psychoanalysis - ☑️ in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing interpretation in psychoanalysis - ☑️ in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. -your reluctance to call or message your mother—may illuminate the underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts you are avoiding resistance in psychoanalysis - ☑️ in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material anxiety is stopping you from talking about/ retrieving information about your past transference in psychoanalysis -

☑️ in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) -you link how you feel about the things or person you are bringing up and put them on your therapist What is the therapist's "job" in psychoanalysis? - ☑️ -provide safe, neutral environment -listens and interprets -facilitates transference -works through resistance -supports insight Why is it called an "insight" therapy? - ☑️ they are called that because their goal is to try to help clients discover new insights (look at things with a dif perspective) insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. What are the critiques of this type of therapy? - ☑️ -lack of science -too much of a focus on childhood and sexuality -time consuming -therapist has a power over pacient -gender bias -doesn't focus on present How is psychodynamic therapy different from psychoanalysis? - ☑️ - they sit face to face with therapist -they focus on past and current events -they only meet once or twice a week -takes antidepressants Describe the 3 main ways psychodynamic and humanistic therapies differ. - ☑️ - focus on past vs. present

role of therapist (authoritative in psychodynamic and more of a partner in humanistic) -view of issues (unconscious and sexual in psychodynamic and consious and self future driven in humanistic) What are the benefits of group therapy? - ☑️ -It saves therapists' time and clients' money -It offers a social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills -It provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving Is psychotherapy effective? - ☑️ -most people report benefiting from psychotherapy -but we cannot clearly measure its effectiveness -the average therapy client ends up better off than 80 percent of the untreated individuals on waiting lists

systematic desensitization therapy - ☑️ -replace learned response with new (adaptive) response -gradually associating the anxiety-inducing stimulus with relaxation instead of anxiety CS (spiders) CR (fear) changes to CS (spiders) CR (relaxation)

mostly used for phobias systematic desensitization process - ☑️ Is done by using three steps -Create hierarchy -Train yourself in progressive relaxation, practice procedure alone (tense your muscles and then relax them) -Desensitization procedure: relax-imagine the first item in the hierarchy (thinking about a spider) -If no anxiety, proceed to second step -If anxiety (at any time), switch off the mental image and go back to deep relaxation -Imagine scenes over and over until feel completely relaxed while imagining it -eventually, actual situations aversive conditioning - ☑️ -pairing something the person currently enjoys/does without consequence (CS) with an aversive stimulus (US) to produce a negative response. -the "thing" the therapists add is an US that is paired with the thing the person likes to do (e.g., gambling, overeating, alcohol, nail biting) -cognitive constraints on classical conditioning limit usefulness (they know it's happening so it doesn't work super well, aka discrimination, they know they can drink at the bar or home and not feel nauseous) -creates a bad response to something that normal creates a good response like drinking alc---- now makes you feel sick so you won't want to do it cognitive therapy goals - ☑️ change thoughts -teaches people adaptive ways of thinking using gentle questioning -assumes thoughts lead to emotions Describe how cognitive therapy reduces depression. - ☑️ -cognitive therapy reduces depression by helping people change their negative thought patterns, based on the idea that thoughts influence emotions. It is especially useful for depression, where self-blaming thoughts can lead to a depressed mood What are the techniques used in cognitive therapy? - ☑️ -gentle questioning: Helps challenge negative thoughts (e.g., "Is it really your fault?" "What assumptions are you making?"). -de-catastrophizing: Encourages evaluating worst-case scenarios realistically and thinking about how to cope. -taking appropriate responsibility: Helps distinguish what is within and outside of one's control and encourages focusing on what can be changed.

-resisting extremes: Replaces harsh or absolute thoughts ("always," "never") with more balanced, realistic ones. -recording positive events: Patients write down good things that happen and how they contributed to them, which improves mood and reduces depression. what is cognitive-behavioral therapy - ☑️ -combination of cognitive and behavior therapy to change thoughts and behaviors -combine the reversal of self defeated thinking with behavioral therapies to change behavior. used with OCD and also depression, anxiety, PTSD, phobias, and eating disorders. What does cognitive-behavioral therapy "look like"? - ☑️ Includes 5-20 therapy sessions with both discussion and behavioral tests, homework between sessions (e.g., relabel an obsessive thought as an urge based on their brain chemistry and doing an enjoyable behavior instead of the compulsive behavior) -exposure therapy -short term goal setting -active and structured, not just sitting and talking -problem solving -self identifying -focus on current issues and overcoming them Psychotherapies: - ☑️ Psychoanalysis Humanistic therapy Behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Cognitive-Behavioral therapy Group Therapies psychoanalysis therapy - ☑️ freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts which usually date back to early childhood experiences into consciousness. Humanistic/Client-Centered Therapy - ☑️ Person-Centered Therapy Focuses on making you aware of yourself and a internal growth process and future emphasizes people's innate potential for self-fulfillment behavior therapy - ☑️ Trying to change people's behaviors using... -Operant Conditioning Techniques -Classical Conditioning Techniques Cognitive therapy - ☑️ trying to change people's thoughts

Ketamine (anti depressant) - ☑️ Blocks hyperactive receptors for glutamate Works more immediately to relieve symptoms Is new and still being tested antidepressants medication - ☑️ (treats depression) Increases activity levels of norepinephrine or serotonin in brain Take several weeks to have full effect on thoughts and emotions, even though have an immediate effect on brain Antidepressants may also increase neurogenesis (takes longer to see change) Stronger effect on severe depression These can also be used to treat anxiety, OCD, and PTSD Now people think that depression is linked with neurogenesi Atypical antipsychotics - ☑️ Removes negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia (but still not great b/c negative effects are hard to treat) Blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors Side effects: obesity and diabetes antipsychotic medication - ☑️ (treats schizophrenia) Removes positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia Works by decreasing dopamine activity by blocking receptors (similar enough to occupy receptor site but not stimulate, inhibitory) Side effects: sluggishness, tremors, twitches (similar to Parkinson's Disease = decreased dopamine) b/c dopamine is part of reward system Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - ☑️ Administering electrical current to induce a 60sec brain seizure Patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant Heart rate is monitored and brain waves, it's in a medical setting Needs to be three sessions a week for 2-4 weeks Can result in memory loss for events immediately prior Effective for severe depression (but we don't know why, maybe b/c it stimulates neurogenesis Used for a last resort either someone is super depressed and is gonna kill themselves or they haven't responded to anything else. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) - ☑️ Using magnetic fields to stimulate specific brain regions Pulsating magnetic coil is placed over regions of the brain You put it over area of the brain that is linked with specific mental illnesses Depression: prefrontal lobe Schizophrenia: language center Much less invasive than ECT Patient is awake 20-30 mins a day for 2-4 weeks

No seizures, memory loss, or other known side effects Can only reach surface areas of cortex Deep brain stimulation (DBS) - ☑️ Implanted electrodes that can produce action potentials in specific brain structures Newer treatment, being tested for depression and bipolar disorder You don't know if it's gonna work or not, you don't know until you try Psychosurgery - ☑️ Removes or destroys brain tissue or connections between brain areas Used to be called a lobotomy Now its specific and precise Only 200 operations every year Mostly for severe OCD and depression Last resort b/c it's irreversible Why do researchers use control conditions in testing the effectiveness of treatments within clinical trials? - ☑️ Control conditions can be a treatment-as-usual condition so standard care for them and you compare that to the new drug (will the new thing eb better or not?) If control group does just as well as drug/therapy treatment group, there is no effect of treatment What is the placebo effect? - ☑️ the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior Why do researchers use placebos in testing the effectiveness of treatments within clinical trials? - ☑️ Placebo group: Placebo effect: belief in a treatment, expectations of improvement If Placebo group does just as well as drug group, the drug only works because of a placebo effect Can test by telling people they got the real pill but it's just sugar, and if placebo group feels better then it's just people's expectation that is changing emotions Why do researchers use double-blind studies in testing the effectiveness of treatments within clinical trials? - ☑️ Also use double blind procedure when evaluating drugs Researchers and patients don't know who is in what condition Do this to avoid different treatment, bias, ect. anti anxiety medication - ☑️ (treats anxiety) Depressed the central nervous system Relieves tension, apprehension and nervousness Doesn't deal with underlying problem (its emotion focused coping) Should try to develop other coping skills however it's not always possible you might not even know what's causing you anxiety Most people take meds and do therapy at the same time Can create a psychological and physiological dependance (addiction)

Psychotherapies: Psychoanalysis, Humanistic, Behavioral, Cognitive, and Group Approaches, Exams of Psychology

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PSYCH- Chapter 15