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Psych Stats Exam 1: Descriptive & Inferential Stats, Distributions, Central Measures, Exams of Statistics

A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (ATSU)Statistics

An overview of various statistical concepts and methods used in psychological research, including descriptive statistics (organizing, summarizing, and communicating numerical information), inferential statistics (drawing conclusions about a population based on sample data), types of variables (discrete and continuous), descriptive methods (naturalistic observations, case studies, surveys, and psychological tests), correlation and correlation coefficients, experimental methods, and measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode, and variability). The document also covers concepts related to frequency distributions, normal distributions, and various ways to visually describe frequency distributions.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 04/01/2024

DrShirleyAurora
DrShirleyAurora 🇺🇸

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Psychological Statistics Exam 1
Descriptive statistic -
Organize, summarize, and communicate numerical information
Inferential statistic -
Use samples to draw conclusions about a population
Population -
The complete set of the things of which we are interested
Population parameter -
Value that would be obtained if the entire population were actually studied
Sample -
A subset of a population
Sample statistic -
Used as an estimate of the population parameter value
Discrete variable -
(Categorical) Consist of separate categories that you can't divide any further
Continuous variable -
(Dimensional) Can take on a full range of values
Variables -
Observations that take on some value
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Psychological Statistics Exam 1

Descriptive statistic - Organize, summarize, and communicate numerical information Inferential statistic - Use samples to draw conclusions about a population Population - The complete set of the things of which we are interested Population parameter - Value that would be obtained if the entire population were actually studied Sample - A subset of a population Sample statistic - Used as an estimate of the population parameter value Discrete variable - (Categorical) Consist of separate categories that you can't divide any further Continuous variable - (Dimensional) Can take on a full range of values Variables - Observations that take on some value

Descriptive methods - Measure or record behaviors, thoughts, or feelings in their natural state Experimental methods - Manipulate psychological processes/alter some aspect Types of descriptive methods -

  • Naturalistic observations
  • Case studies
  • Archives
  • Surveys
  • Psychological tests Correlation - The extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another Correlation coefficient - a mathematical, quantitative index of the strength of relation between two variables Experiment - A study in which participants are randomly assigned to a condition or level of one or more independent variables Random assignment - Every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups Independent variable - Variable manipulated by the experimenter

Four ways to visually describe frequency distributions -

  • Frequency Table
  • Grouped Frequency Table
  • Histogram
  • Frequency Polygon Grouped Frequency Table - Display the frequencies for an interval
  • Preferable when data set is large, data consist of continuous interval variable, or cover a wide range Real Range - One more than the difference between the largest and smallest values Interval width - Real range divided by the number of intervals chosen Rules for Creating Grouped Frequency Tables -
  • Each interval is defined
  • Each interval is equidistant
  • No interval overlaps Cumulative Frequency Distribution - Distributes the sum of frequencies across a series of intervals Mean -
  • Most commonly reported measure of central tendency
  • Arithmetic mean or average
  • Balance point of a distribution
  • Sum of a set of scores divided by the number of scored summed sample mean = m population mean = u
  • Used to describe INTERVAL and RATIO scale data and data that are NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED Median -
    • Midpoint in a distribution
  • 50th percentile
  • Used to describe data in a SKEWED distribution and ORDINAL scale data Mode - Score that occurs most often in a distribution
  • Used to describe any type of data with a value that occurs the most (data with MODAL DISTRIBUTIONS) and normal scale data
  • Used to describe NOMINAL data Modal Distributions - Distributions of scores in which one or more scores occur most often or most frequently Variability - Measure of the dispersion or spread of scores in a distribution, and ranges from 0 to positive infinity Range - Difference between the largest value and the smallest value in a distribution Variance -

Study Methods -

  • Elaboration
  • Interleaving
  • Spacing
  • Testing