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Social Psychology Key Concepts and Definitions, Exams of Advanced Education

Abilene Christian University (ACU)Advanced Education

A concise overview of key concepts and definitions in social psychology. It covers topics such as social roles, attitudes, persuasion, conformity, obedience, group dynamics, prejudice, aggression, prosocial behavior, and attraction. It is useful for students studying social psychology, offering clear explanations and examples of important terms and theories. The document also includes references to classic studies like zimbardo's stanford prison study and milgram's obedience experiments, enhancing its educational value and relevance.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 11/17/2025

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Psychology 2301 - Chapter 12
Social Psychology - correct answer field of psychology that examines how people
impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation
Intra-personal and Inter-personal - correct answer Intra-personal: pertains to self
attitudes emotion
Inter-personal: pertains to groups aggression, attraction
Situational and Dispositional Influences - correct answer Situational: describes a
perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate
environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists
Dispositional Influences: describes a perspective common to personality
psychologists, which asserts that our
behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and
temperament
Fundamental Attribution Error - correct answer tendency to overemphasize internal
factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation
Actor-Observer Bias - correct answer phenomenon of explaining other people's
behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational
forces
Self-Serving Bias - correct answer tendency for individuals to take credit by making
dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or
external attributions for negative outcomes
Social Roles - correct answer socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of
a person in a given setting or group
Social Norms - correct answer group's expectations regarding what is appropriate
and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members
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Psychology 2301 - Chapter 12

Social Psychology - correct answer field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation Intra-personal and Inter-personal - correct answer Intra-personal: pertains to self attitudes emotion Inter-personal: pertains to groups aggression, attraction Situational and Dispositional Influences - correct answer Situational: describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists Dispositional Influences: describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament Fundamental Attribution Error - correct answer tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation Actor-Observer Bias - correct answer phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces Self-Serving Bias - correct answer tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes Social Roles - correct answer socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group Social Norms - correct answer group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members

Scripts - correct answer person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study - correct answer Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts Attitude - correct answer evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative Cognitive Dissonance - correct answer psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception Persuasion - correct answer process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication Yale Attitude Change Approach - correct answer The topic of persuasion has been one of the most extensively researched areas in social psychology (Fiske et al., 2010). During the Second World War, Carl Hovland extensively researched persuasion for the U.S. Army. After the war, Hovland continued his exploration of persuasion at Yale University. Elaboration Likelihood Model - correct answer considers the variables of the attitude change approach—that is, features of the source of the persuasive message, contents of the message, and characteristics of the audience are used to determine when attitude change will occur. According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, there are two main routes that play a role in delivering a persuasive message: central and peripheral Central Route and Peripheral Route - correct answer Central Route: logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness Peripheral Route: one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message

Stereotypes: specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics Discrimination: negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group Racism - correct answer prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race Sexism - correct answer prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex Ageism - correct answer prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age Self-Fulfilling Prophecy - correct answer treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs Confirmation Bias - correct answer seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes In-Group and Out-Group - correct answer In-Group: preference for our own group over other groups Out-Group: group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us Scapegoating - correct answer act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal Just-World Hypothesis - correct answer ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve Aggression - correct answer seeking to cause harm or pain to another person

Hostile and Instrumental Aggression - correct answer Hostile: aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain Instrumental Aggression: aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain Bullying and Cyberbullying - correct answer Bullying: a person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time Cyberbullying: epeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online Bystander Effect - correct answer situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress Prosocial Behavior - correct answer voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people Social Exchange Theory - correct answer humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs Altruism - correct answer humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping Empathy - correct answer capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels Reciprocity - correct answer give and take in relationships Attraction - correct answer you and most people you know likely would say that a very attractive movie star is out of your league. So, even if you had proximity to that person, you likely would not ask them out on a date because you believe you