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Psychology B310 study guide Chapter 10, Study notes of Developmental Psychology

Indiana University Purdue University (IUPUI)Developmental Psychology

Psychology B310 Human Development Study Guide over Chapter 10.

Typology: Study notes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 11/10/2012

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Psychology B310- Human Development
Study Guide
Chapters 10
Chapter 10
Pages 345-381
10.1
Becoming an Adult
I. Emerging adulthood- period between late teens and mid to late 20s when individuals are not adolescents
but are not yet fully adults
• A time to explore careers, self-identity, and commitments
• Time when certain biological and psychological developments peak
• Brain development continues and mental health problems peaks
A. Role transition marking adulthood
A.1. Cross culture
A.i. Cultures in developing worlds tend to be clear of when a person becomes
an adult and put great emphasis on it with certain practices
A.1. Rites of passage- rituals marking initiation into adulthood
A.a. Usually connected to religion
A.ii. Some carried to western culture
A.2. Harder to identify and less formal
A.3. Graduation, weddings
A.iii. Marriage is most important rite of passage in most cultures because it
preludes childbearing
A.2. Western culture
A.iv. Role transition- movement into next stage of development marked by
assumption of new responsibilities and duties
A.4. Most widely used criteria in western culture
B. Going to college
A.3. 69% of high school graduates go straight to college
A.4. Start acting and thinking like an adult
A.5. Returning adult students- college students over age 25
A.v. Adding stress of work-school-family conflict
C. Behavior Changes
A.6. Significant drop in frequency of risky behavior
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Psychology B310- Human Development Study Guide Chapters 10

Chapter 10 Pages 345-

Becoming an Adult I. Emerging adulthood- period between late teens and mid to late 20s when individuals are not adolescents but are not yet fully adults

  • A time to explore careers, self-identity, and commitments
  • Time when certain biological and psychological developments peak
  • Brain development continues and mental health problems peaks A. Role transition marking adulthood A.1. Cross culture A.i. Cultures in developing worlds tend to be clear of when a person becomes an adult and put great emphasis on it with certain practices A.1. Rites of passage- rituals marking initiation into adulthood A.a. Usually connected to religion A.ii. Some carried to western culture A.2. Harder to identify and less formal A.3. Graduation, weddings A.iii. Marriage is most important rite of passage in most cultures because it preludes childbearing A.2. Western culture A.iv. Role transition- movement into next stage of development marked by assumption of new responsibilities and duties A.4. Most widely used criteria in western culture B. Going to college A.3. 69% of high school graduates go straight to college A.4. Start acting and thinking like an adult A.5. Returning adult students- college students over age 25 A.v. Adding stress of work-school-family conflict C. Behavior Changes A.6. Significant drop in frequency of risky behavior

A.vi. Edgework- the desire to live life more on the edge through physically and emotionally threatening situations on the boundary between life and death A.vii. Prefrontal cortex in brain, responsible for high-thinking, is not fully developed until mid 20s A.7. Establishing intimacy A.viii. Intimacy versus isolation- sixth stage in Erikson’s theory and the major psychological task for young adults A.5. Sense of identity is important before this stage or relationship will not function D. Launching Ones Financial independence A.8. Key indicator in becoming adult A.ix. Part time jobs A.x. Full time job A.xi. Learning a trade A.xii. Military A.9. In western culture, living on one’s own speeds up the process of being seen as an adult

Physical Development and Health I. Growth strength, and physical functioning I.a. Physical functioning peaks during young adulthood I.i. As tall as you will ever be I.ii. Strongest you will ever be I.iii. Coordination and dexterity peak I.iv. Sensory acuity at peak II. Health Status I.b. Only 1% of young adults are limited in their ability by health related conditions I.v. Rarely die from disease I.c. Leading cause of deaths ages 25-44 is accidents III. Life-Style Factors I.d. Smoking I.vi. Biggest contributor to health problems III.1. Cancers III.2. Chronic disease III.3. Damage many parts of the body

Cognitive Development I. How should we view intelligence in adults I.a. Multidimensional- characteristics of theories of intelligence that identify several types of intellectual abilities I.i. Sternberg emphasis three others I.1. Multidirectional- development pattern in which some aspects of intelligence improve and other aspects decline during adulthood I.2. Interindividual variability- patterns of change that vary from one person to another I.3. Plasticity- concept that intellectual abilities are not fixed but can be modified under the right conditions at just about any point in adulthood II. Primary and secondary mental abilities I.b. Primary mental abilities- groups of related intellectual skills (such as memory or spatial ability) I.ii. Number: the basic skills underlying our mathematical reasoning I.iii. Work fluency: how easily we produce verbal descriptions of things I.iv. Verbal meaning: our vocabulary ability I.v. Inductive reasoning: our ability to extrapolate from particular facts to general concepts I.vi. Spatial orientation: our ability to reason in three-dimensional world I.c. Secondary mental abilities- broader intellectual skills that subsume and organize the primary abilities III. Fluid and Crystallized intelligence- secondary intelligence I.d. Fluid intelligence- abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, allow you to make inferences, and enable you to understand the relations among concepts I.vii. Mazes, puzzles, and relations among shapes I.viii. Declines in adulthood I.e. Crystallized intelligence- the knowledge you have acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture I.ix. Ability to remember I.x. Improves in adulthood I.f. Learning becomes more difficult with age because fluid doesn’t transmit to crystal as easily IV. Neuroscience research I.g. Intellectual abilities correlated with mortality rate in late life and middle age I.h. Parieto-frontal integration theory proposes that intelligence comes from a distributes and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain

I.xi. Reflective judgment- reasoning through real like dilemmas I.4. Pre-reflective reasoning- gained through authority figures or firsthand experience I.5. Quasi- reflective reasoning- sees evidence but knows there is more I.6. Reflective reasoning- know claims cannot be made with certainty but are not immobilized by it I.i. Post formal thought – thinking characterized by recognizing that the correct answer varies from one situation to another, solution should be realistic, subjective factors play a role V. Emotion and logic I.j. As adults mature they are more likely to make decision based on emotions I.k. Social beliefs I.xii. Social rules and norms that people are socialized into I.xiii. Generation differences

Personality in Young Adulthood

I. Creating scenarios and life stories I.a. Life-span construct is a unified sense of the past, present, and future based on personal experience and input from other people I.i. Effected by identity, values, and society I.b. Scenario is the manifestation of the life-span construct through expectations about the future I.ii. Game plan of your life and how future will play out I.c. Social clock is tagging future events with a particular time or age by which they are to be competed I.iii. Markers of time, social aspects of time, or historical time I.d. McAdam life story model I.iv. One’s life story is a personal narrative that organizes past events into coherent sequences I.1. Write in young adulthood then revise as you go through life I.2. Generatively marks the attempt to create appealing story “ending” that will yield new beginnings for future generations I.v. two most common goals are I.3. agency- achievement and autonomy I.4. communion- love, intimacy