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Psychology midterm study guide
Placebos - Medicine or anything that has no active ingredients and works by replacing something else Double blind study - Study that neither participants or researchers know which group any subject belongs Introspection - Process of looking into yourself and describing what's there Eclecticism - Process of making your own system by borrowing from systems Neurobiological - Most scientific; views behavior as result of nervous system functions and biology Behavioral - Viewing behavior as product of learning and associations; memories or how u were raised Humanistic - Everyone is good and capable of helping themselves Psychoanalysis - System of viewing individual as product of unconscious forces Cognitive Approach - how humans use mental processes to handle problems or develop certain personalities; process info Sociocultural - Strongly influenced by rules and expectations of specific social groups or cultures; society Variables - Factors that change in experiment Independent variable - Factor that the experimenter changes in a study Dependent variable - Factor that changes or varies depending on changes or effects in independent Experimental group - Critical part of experiment is formed
Control group - Does not participate in critical part of experiment Survey - Method of using q's on feelings, opinions, or behavior patterns Sample - Certain group represents general population Naturalistic observation - Research method involves studying subj w/o their being aware of it Case study - Collects lengthy info about background; psycho treatement Fissure - "line" marking an area of brain Motor strip - Rectangular band running down side of brain; controls all bodily movements Sensory strip - Rect. band side of parietal lobe that provides all sensation; in the parietal lobe Corpus callosum - Millions of nerve fibers that transfer info from one half of brain to other; connects both sides of brain Occipital lobe - Interprets visual info; visual area in back of brain Temporal lobe - Responsible for hearing and speech functions Frontal association - Forward portion of brain; associates ideas, forms and plans activities Cerebral cortex - Unit that covers lower brain and controls mental processes like thoughts Lower brain - units common to animals and humans that regulate basic functions like breathing Thalamus - Central relay station for incoming/outgoing messages from body to brain and back; sends messages of pain etc
opening in the eye visual cliff - large table with plexiglass to demonstrate depth perception w/ children eardrum - skin stretched over entrance to ear; vibrate with sound cilia - hair cells that receive odor molecules; receptor gestalt - organized whole, shape, or form rod - visual receptor sensitive to violet-purple wavelengths; night vision sees only black/white sensation - process of receiving info from environment while light - light seen before it is broken down by bulbs or sky light color constancy - perceives objects as same color regardless of environment pitch - how high or low a sound is similarity - perceptual cue where we group like things afterimage - making of cones not used when seeing something; when you concenrate on ssomething and look at somethhing else brightness constancy - visual network keeps brightness constant as object changes environment cone - better in daylight to see colors colorblindness - cannot see colors like red or green intensity - how loud a sound is
olfactory bulbs - units that receive odor molecules; communicate w/ brain regarding them binocular disparity - diif. b/t image by eyes; images brought together bring depth subliminal perception - stimulation presented below level of conscious; think submarine perception - assembling and organizing sensory info to make it meaningful illusion - inaccurate perception; something tricks our brain pheromones - small chems that communicate messages auditory nerve - bundle of nerves carrying sound to brain cornea - clear outer covering behind which is fluid cochlea - snail shaped unit filled with fluid and small hairs that vibrate to transmit incoming sound to brain space constancy - keeping objects in environment steady audition - sense of hearing cutaneaous receptors - skin; touch; sensitive to pressure, pain, or temp Muelley-Lyer illusion - arrowhead pictures where 1 line looks longer than other size constancy - retain size of object regardless of where it is located blind spot - portion of retina where optic nerve exits
Pituitary gland - Controls other glands and regulates growth Drives - How u are motivated Homeostasis - Maintaining balanced internal state; makes you find solution Blood sugar level - Amount of sugar contained in blood; indicates level of hunger Glucose - Sugar in blood Curiosity motive - Drive that moves person to see new things Manipulation motive - Moves to handle and use objects in environment Contact comfort - Satisf. from pleasant, soft stimulation Hierarchy of needs - Ranks needs one above other w/ physical survival etc; shelter, safety, physiological, belonging, self esteem, and self actualization Cognition - thoughts; how we think James Lange theory - event happens; first body responds, then one feels emotion Cannon bard theory - Body reaction & emotional response to event occur at same time Schachter's Cognitive theory - Label body responses by giving name of emotion we think we feel Consciousness - Awareness of what's going on Subconscious - Consciousness just below present awareness; see something but not actually think about it
Unconscious - Thoughts or desires about which we are not aware of it Chronobiology - Study of forces construct - something you cannot see or touch but seems to exist biological clocks - internal chem units that control cycles in parts of body free running cycles - sleep clocks we cant control; body temp is ex. of something we cant control entrainment - alter free-running cycle to fit different rhythm; training babies circadian rhythm - sequences of behavioral change in every 24 hrs twilight state - relaxed state right before sleep REM sleep - rapid eye movement; sleep when we sleep beta waves - rapid brain waves appear when awake alpha - fairly relaxed brain waves just before sleep delta - slow deep-sleep brain waves NREM - non rapid eye movement; sleep involves partial thoughts, images, poor organzation three theories of dreams - work out problems, reorganize brain, make sense of random things we don't want REM rebound - increase in # of dreams after beige deprived incubus attack - night terror; horrible dream in NREM when body is not prepared
