Purposive Communication: Concepts, Models, and Principles, Cheat Sheet of English

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Important Concepts in Purposive Communication

Purposive Communication - is about writing, speaking, and presenting to different audiences and for various purposes. Communication process is the exchange of information between two or more people. It evolved from the Latin

termscommunis, a noun, meaning, common andcommunicare, a verb, meaning, to make something common.

Five Basic Purposes for Communicating

1. We communicate to develop and maintain our sense of self.
2. We communicate to meet our social needs.
3. We communicate to develop and maintain relationships.
4. We communicate to exchange information.
5. We communicate to influence others.

Elements of Communication

1. Sender, Receiver, Communicator- people who send and receive messages using channel
2. Message- idea, concept, emotion, desire, or feeling that a person wants to share with another person
3. Channel/medium- the means by which the sender sends his message
4. Feedback- the receiver’s response to the message he received
5. Noise- interference that keeps a message from being understood or correctly interpreted.
6. Setting/Context- the environment in which the communication occurs.

Barriers of Communication

1. Physical barriers- are those that separate people from each other and mark territories.
2. Perceptual barriers- different world views can create misunderstanding.
3. Emotional barriers- these can occur if one is consumed with emotion.
4. Cultural barriers- ethnic, religious and social differences can often create misunderstandings when trying to communicate.
5. Gender barriers- males and females have different style of communication.
6. Language barriers- when you use words or a language that are alien or unknown to the receiver, it will certainly stop your message from being conveyed.
7. Interpersonal barriers- these are barriers created to distance themselves from other.

Classifications of Communication

A. Communication Type According to Mode

1. Main Categories a) Verbal- use of sounds, words, or speaking b) Nonverbal- use of tone of voice, body language, gestures, eye contact, facial expression c) Visual- use of signs, symbols, imagery, maps, charts, graphs, illustrations, etc.
2. Sub Categories a) Video- used to engage in communication despite distance

b) Audio- used to send voice messages/ voice mails c) Face-to-face- used to engage in relationship d) Text-based- used to disseminate info to a larger audience

B. Communication Type According to Context

1. Interpersonal- Talking to oneself
2. Intrapersonal- Interactive exchange/group communication
3. Extended- Use of electronic media
4. Organizational- Role in an organization
5. Intercultural- Between or among multicultural people

C. Communication Type According to Purpose and Style

1. Formal- employs formal language (e.g. lecture, public speech, forums, reports, project proposals, etc.)
2. Informal- involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members and acquaintances.

Communication Models

1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
2. Laswell’s Model of Communication
3. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
4. Berlo’s Model of Communication

▹ People learn additional languages through formal acquisition or informally on their own known as the process of language learning. ▹ When a person visits another speech community, he’ll still be able to communicate with the other people by slowly learning their language and this is called language contact. However, through constant interaction and communication, one’s language may also change and this is called language change.

Communication and Globalization

Globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders. Principally, it’s an economic concept- the integration of markets, trade and investments with few barriers to slow the flow of products and services between nations.

Advantages of Globalization

• Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty.
• A multinational company's presence overseas contributes to those local economies because the company will invest in local resources, products and services.
• Globalization has not only allowed nations to trade with each other, but also to cooperate with each other as never before. Disadvantages of Globalization
• Global wealth has skyrocketed, but so has global warming.
• Every step forward in technology brings with it new dangers. Computers have vastly improved our lives, but cyber criminals steal millions of pounds a year.
• Although globalization is helping to create more wealth in developing countries, it is not helping to close the gap between the world's poorest and richest nations. Basically, done wisely (in the words of the International Monetary Fund) globalization could lead to "unparalleled peace and prosperity". Done poorly, "to disaster".

Intercultural Communication

Intercultural communication refers to the effective communication between people/ workers/ clients of different cultural background. It also includes managing thought patterns and nonverbal communication.

Classification of Culture

1. High context vs. Low context High-context cultures leave much of the message unspecified (implicit), to be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said. By contrast, low context cultures expect messages to be explicit and specific.
2. Sequential vs. Synchronic In sequential cultures business people give full attention to one agenda item after another (time management). In synchronic cultures the flow of time is viewed as sort of circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated (multi-tasking).

3. Affective vs. Neutral Members of cultures which are neutral do not express their feelings but keep them carefully controlled and subdued. In contrast, in cultures high in affectivity, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling and gesturing; they attempt to find immediate outlets for their feelings. Varieties of English World Englishes (WE) stands for the localized varieties of English as they are used or spoken in certain areas. This concept was introduced by Braj Kachru.. Three Concentric Circles of English

There are different varieties of English as spoken by countries colonized by Britain, the US, Canada, and Australia: Singaporean English, Malaysian English, Thai English and Philippine English, among others. These varieties have their own grammatical, lexical, phonological and syntactic features and should not be considered errors.

Cultural Diversity

The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

Social Justice in Multicultural Setting

Social justice isn’t plainly about equality, especially when we talk about unequals, the majority and minority, and this is where the term equity comes in.

“ everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities. “” Dolan-Reilly (2013)

“regulating the distribution of benefits”, Aristotle

Issues in Social Justice

1. Racism
2. Sexism/Gender Discrimination 3. Ableism 4. Ageism 5. Classism 6. Languagism/Linguicism 7. Religious Intoleranc

Challenges of Intercultural Communication

Kaur (2016) cites the ff. as sources of misunderstanding:

1. Ambiguity
2. Performance Related Misunderstanding
3. Language Related Misunderstanding
   4. Gaps in world knowledge
   5. Local context

The Expanding Circle

• Uses English as Foreign Language (EFL)

The Outer Circle- Uses English as Secondary Language (ESL)

The Inner Circle- Uses English as Native Language (ENL)