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Radical Behaviorism - Relational Frame Theory (RFT), Exams of Nursing

University of OxfordNursing

Relational frame theory (RFT) is a key concept in radical behaviorism, focusing on the human ability to respond to stimuli based on their relations to other stimuli, rather than just their physical properties. This document explores the core features of relational frames, the role of contextual cues, and the importance of multiple exemplar training in the development of relational frames and derived stimulus relations. RFT has significant implications for understanding human language, cognition, and behavior.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/27/2024

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Radical Behaviorism - RFT
T/F - This is an example of RELATIONAL RESPONDING: A hungry pigeon in an experimental chamber
pecks a red circle because it has received a food pellet in the past for doing so. - correct answer
✔✔FALSE - The absolute characteristics of the red circle alone control the pigeon's response. The pigeon
does not need to attend to any relations among the circles at all to make the response that is likely to be
reinforced. It just has to identify and peck the red circle each time. The pigeon's response and the
condition for obtaining reinforcement are not based on a relation among the circles.
T/F - This is an example of RELATIONAL RESPONDING: A hungry pigeon pecks the biggest circle because it
has received a food pellet in the past for doing so. - correct answer ✔✔TRUE - the relative characteristics
of the circles control the pigeon's response. This pigeon must attend to the relation of size among the
circles to make the response that is likely to be reinforced. Just pecking the same circle each time won't
work. The pigeon's response and the condition for obtaining reinforcement are based on a relation
among the circles. They are not based on the absolute characteristics of a single circle. With sufficient
training, most organisms can learn to respond to the relative, rather than absolute, physical properties of
stimuli like this.
Relative vs. Absolute Characteristics Physical Properties - correct answer ✔✔
What is responding to a stimulus or event based on its relation to another stimulus or event called? -
correct answer ✔✔Relational Responding
Which One is an example of Relational Responding:
1. When offered a selection of toys, the baby always chooses whichever toy has the smoothest surface.
2. When offered a selection of toys, the baby always chooses the toy she played with before. - correct
answer ✔✔1
Relational Frame - correct answer ✔✔A relational frame involves responding to several stimuli or events
based on the relations among them.
Relational frames are types of arbitrarily applicable relational responding that have the features of
mutual entailment, combinatorial entailment, and transformation of stimulus functions.
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Radical Behaviorism - RFT

T/F - This is an example of RELATIONAL RESPONDING: A hungry pigeon in an experimental chamber pecks a red circle because it has received a food pellet in the past for doing so. - correct answer ✔✔FALSE - The absolute characteristics of the red circle alone control the pigeon's response. The pigeon does not need to attend to any relations among the circles at all to make the response that is likely to be reinforced. It just has to identify and peck the red circle each time. The pigeon's response and the condition for obtaining reinforcement are not based on a relation among the circles. T/F - This is an example of RELATIONAL RESPONDING: A hungry pigeon pecks the biggest circle because it has received a food pellet in the past for doing so. - correct answer ✔✔TRUE - the relative characteristics of the circles control the pigeon's response. This pigeon must attend to the relation of size among the circles to make the response that is likely to be reinforced. Just pecking the same circle each time won't work. The pigeon's response and the condition for obtaining reinforcement are based on a relation among the circles. They are not based on the absolute characteristics of a single circle. With sufficient training, most organisms can learn to respond to the relative, rather than absolute, physical properties of stimuli like this. Relative vs. Absolute Characteristics Physical Properties - correct answer ✔✔ What is responding to a stimulus or event based on its relation to another stimulus or event called? - correct answer ✔✔Relational Responding Which One is an example of Relational Responding:

  1. When offered a selection of toys, the baby always chooses whichever toy has the smoothest surface.
  2. When offered a selection of toys, the baby always chooses the toy she played with before. - correct answer ✔✔ 1 Relational Frame - correct answer ✔✔A relational frame involves responding to several stimuli or events based on the relations among them. Relational frames are types of arbitrarily applicable relational responding that have the features of mutual entailment, combinatorial entailment, and transformation of stimulus functions.

Bidirectional - correct answer ✔✔a relation in one direction (such as A is smaller than B) implies a relation in the other direction (such as B is bigger than A). Mutual Entailment - correct answer ✔✔Responding to a relation in one direction entails responding to a relation in the other direction. RFT refers to this bidirectional feature of relational responding as mutual entailment Combinatorial Entailment - correct answer ✔✔Two or more stimulus relations can mutually combine. Responding to two combined relations (between A and B and between C and B) can entail a response to a third relation (between A and C). Transformation of stimulus functions - correct answer ✔✔The functions a stimulus has for a person can be transformed or changed on the basis of how it is related to other stimuli. Can animals respond to ARBITRARY PROPERTIES? - correct answer ✔✔No - arbitrarily applicable relational responding is a human phenomenon and the basis for RFT Contextual cues - correct answer ✔✔According to RFT, certain features of the context, such as phrases like "is bigger than," become associated with certain types of relational responding. With enough training, these contextual cues can start to predict reinforcement for making a particular type of relational response. Contextual cues are what allow humans to arbitrarily apply relational responses. These contextual cues, for example, allowed you to make an arbitrary relational response to these triangles What are some categories/families of Relational Frames? - correct answer ✔✔Coordination, Temporal, Comparison, Distinction, Spatial, Causal, Deictic, Hierarchical, etc How is "arbitrarily applicable" relational responding different from "regular" relational responding? - correct answer ✔✔Arbitrarily applicable relational responding is based on contextual cues other than just the physical properties of the related stimuli. RFT considers a history of arbitrarily applying relational responses to be part of the ________________ that can be studied to help predict and influence the deriving of stimulus relations. - correct answer ✔✔Context

Can a relational frame be considered a psychological event? - correct answer ✔✔Yup... Although it is used as a noun, a "relational frame" always refers to an individual doing something (specifically, the individual is arbitrarily applying a relational response). Multiple Exemplar Training - correct answer ✔✔means an individual is given multiple opportunities to make the response in a given context and experience the effects or consequences (think about the in class exercise of training Mike to do pushups) The multiple exemplar training that establishes types of relational responding as _________________ is part of the context that gives rise to derived stimulus relations. - correct answer ✔✔generalized operants According to RFT, multiple exemplar training on relational responding could be considered the "cause" of... - correct answer ✔✔Relational Frames, Derived stimulus relations, the symbolism/generativity of language Why is multiple exemplar training on relational responding considered part of the context of deriving stimulus relations? - correct answer ✔✔Because it is part of a person's history of interacting with his or her environment In multiple exemplar training on relational responding, what is the "irrelevant feature of the task" that varies from trial to trial? - correct answer ✔✔The specific stimuli being related

  • correct answer ✔✔In arbitrarily applicable relational responding, the type of relation is specified by contextual cues rather than just the physical properties of the stimuli. In the presence of those contextual cues, some set of mutually entailed relational responses is likely to be reinforced. In many situations we respond to an object and its name as though they are the same and interchangeable. What is this an example of? - correct answer ✔✔Mutual entailment and the symbolism of language How are mutual entailment and combinatorial entailment different? - correct answer ✔✔Combinatorial entailment requires at least three related stimuli or events, whereas mutual entailment requires only two.

perceptual functions. - correct answer ✔✔Stimuli also have perceptual functions. These are just the way you perceive the stimulus to look, smell, sound, feel, or taste. For example, you probably perceive this image of a lightning bolt to be yellow, flat, odorless, and silent. These are some of the perceptual functions of this particular lightning bolt. Any stimulus or event has multiple psychological and perceptual functions, and these functions are not set in stone. They vary and change depending upon the setting and a person's history of interacting with the stimulus. What does the transformation of stimulus functions refer to? - correct answer ✔✔The functions a stimulus has for a person can be transformed on the basis of how it is related to other stimuli. The stimulus functions of names are often transformed to resemble the stimulus functions of the things to which they refer. What does this closely resemble? - correct answer ✔✔The symbolism of language Combinatorial entailment, mutual entailment, and the transformation of stimulus functions are all features of relational frames that are explicitly taught and reinforced via: - correct answer ✔✔multiple exemplar training What is a Crel? - correct answer ✔✔A contextual cue that specifies the type of relational response likely to be reinforced What is a Cfunc? - correct answer ✔✔Specifies stimulus functions to be transformed-A contextual cue that specifies which stimulus functions should be transformed according to the specified relation Linda said, "Negative reinforcement is the opposite of punishment in terms of its effect on behavior." Which word or phrase in this statement is serving primarily as a Crel? - correct answer ✔✔"the opposite of" Chuck said, "My dad is better at robbing and stealing than your dad." Which word or phrase in this statement is serving primarily as a Crel? - correct answer ✔✔is better than