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Reading Instruction
accent - putting stress on a word or part of a word by opening your mouth wider, making your voice louder and higher and holding the sound longer accuracy - ability to decode single words correctly with freedom from mistake or error affix - letter or letters attached to beginning or ending of base word or word root that adds to or changes its meaning or grammatical form and creates a derivative-- Prefix/Suffix allophones - slight variations in production of vowels and consonants that are predictable variants of phoneme (pot/spot) analytic - separates whole into its parts base word - word which affixes are added; can stand alone blending - fusing individual sounds, syllables, or words into meaningful units bottom-up process - text driven process (comprehension) individual parts to complete the whole bound morpheme - morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes-- s in boys/ pre in preview breve - curved diacritical mark above vowel in sound picture that indicates short sound in closed syllable in which at least one consonant comes after the vowel in same syllable circumflex - diacritical mark (^) place over certain vowels when coding or when writing a sound picture to indicate unexpected pronunciation
Indicates when vowel-r combination is accented Used over circle "a" to indicate the /aw/ Pronunciation before /l/ (ball) closed syllable - syllable ending with one or more consonants Vowel usually short closure - statement summing up focus of lesson activity as sign of completion Point at which student is able to function comfortably at grade level in general classroom cloze technique - any of several ways of measuring a student's ability to restore omitted portions of oral or written message from its remaining context Also called "fill-in the blank" technique code - system of signs and signals used for communication system of words or other symbols arbitrarily used to represent longer words or ideas combining forms - root with other roots and/or affixes may be combined to form compound words or derivatives Greek compound word - word composed of two or more smaller words
decode - word recognition in which phonic code is broken determine pronunciation of word by noting position of vowels and consonants derivative - word made from base word by addition of one or more affixes detached syllable - word having no meaning by itself spelling usually phonetic phonic reinforcement for students who have already memorized large number of words provided teacher with needed material for teaching older students to apply phonetic decoding nonsense word, nonsense syllable, nonword, pseudo word diacritical marking - distinguishing mark used in dictionaries and phonics programs to indicate pronunciations of letter or combination of letters digraph - two adjacent consonants or vowels in same syllable representing a single speech sound ch, ee, ck, oo diphthong - two adjacent vowels in same syllable whose sounds blend together with slide or shift during production of syllable discovery words - group of related words used during guided discovery teaching to help students perceive principle, pattern, or feature of language discrimination - process of noting difference between stimuli
final stable syllable - syllables with nonphonetic spellings that occur frequently in final position in English base words-- tle, sion, cial fluency - ability to translate print to speech with rapidity and automaticity that allows the reader to focus on meaning frequency - number of times an event occurs in given category of multiple spellings of long /u/ sound as in cube that provides order of introduction for reading and spelling free morpheme - morpheme that can stand alone as a whole word- box, plant Unbound morpheme heterogeneous practice - spelling or reading practice session with more than one focus used only after student has mastered each of concepts contained in practice homogeneous practice - spelling or reading practice in which every word contains same pattern or rule that is single focus or practice independent level - level of academic engagement in which individual works independently without need for instructional support Behaviors demonstrate high degree of accuracy, speed, ease fluency, mastery irregular word - word that has unexpected spelling either because it's orthographic representation does not match its pronunciation or because it contains an infrequent orthographic representation of sound letter clusters - group of two or more letters that regularly appear adjacent in single syllable
suffix (hood) prefix (un) morphological - pertaining to meaningful units of speech (suffix morphological ending) morphology - internal structure of meaningful units within words and relationships among words in language study of word formation patterns multisensory - involving three or more senses-- visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile multisyllabic - pertaining to word of more than one syllable called polysyllabic nonsense words - Pseudo word Nonsense syllable, nonword onset - initial written or spoken single consonant or consonant cluster in a word sit /s/ open syllable - syllable ending with a vowel Orton-Gillingham approach - multisensory method of teaching language-- related academic skills
focus on structure and use of sounds, syllables, words, sentences, writing instruction is explicit, systematic, cumulative, direct, sequential phoneme - individual sound unit in spoken words smallest unit of speech that makes one word distinguishable from another prefix - affix attached to beginning of word that changes meaning of that word prosody (suprasegmental) - musical qualities of language, including intonation, expression, stress, pitch significant in our ability to communicate and comprehend emotions Suprasegmental quadrigraph - four adjacent letters in syllable that represent one speech sound regular words - words that are spelled the way they sound called phonetically regular words review - look over again rime - written or spoken vowel and final consonant(s)-- at in cat root - content word to which affixes can be added
trigraph - three adjacent letters in same syllable that that represent one speech sound unvoiced - voiceless, no vocal vibration vowel - class of open speech sounds produced by easy passage of air through relatively open vocal tract vowel pair syllable - syllable containing two adjacent vowels that have a long, short, or diphthong sound Vowel team: meet, head, loud vowel prefix - prefix with vowel as final letter vowel suffix - suffix beginning with a vowel vowel-consonant-e syllable - one syllable word or final syllable of longer word in which a final silent e signals that the vowel before the consonant is long vowel-r syllable - syllable containing a combination of a vowel followed by r Sound of vowel often not short but instead may represent an unexpected sound (star)
