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UM Tagum College

Department of Arts and Sciences Education

Discipline: Social Sciences Division

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: GE 8/READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Name of Teacher: FARRAH GUZMAN-LOZANO, MA

NEOFENHAE JERILYN L. MADULARA

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS

IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY

ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.

EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.

Mabini Street, Tagum City Telefax: (084) 655- 9591 Course Coordinator: Farrah G. Lozano Neofenhae Jerilyn L. Madulara Email: [email protected] [email protected] Student Consultation: By appointment Mobile: 09432671922 09756742551 Phone: 216 - 7234 Effectivity Date: June 2020 Mode of Delivery: Distance Education Delivery Time Frame: 54 Hours Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning Requisites: None Credit: 3 units Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all scheduled Virtual or face to face sessions. Areas of Concern Details Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed for blended learning mode of instructional delivery with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The expected number of hours will be 54, including the face to face or virtual meetings. A Learning Management System (LMS), Quipper, will be used to facilitate your learning. Other sessions may also be conducted through online communication channels such as Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp, Viber, E-mail, Line, Zoom, Skype, or any other similar applications. You may also contact the course coordinator through a mobile number or telephone. Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th^ week of the term. The assessment paper shall be attached with a cover page indicating the title of the assessment task (if the task is a performance), the name of the course coordinator, date of submission, and the name of the student. The document should be e-mailed to the course coordinator. It is also expected that you already paid your tuition and other fees before the submission of the assessment task.

Course Outline Policy

Course Outline: GE 8 – Readings in Philippine History

Mabini Street, Tagum City Telefax: (084) 655- 9591 If the assessment task is done in real-time through the features in the Learning Management System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by the course coordinator. Turnitin submission (if necessary) To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing addressed to the course coordinator the reasons for the similarity. Also, if the document has reached a more than 30% similarity index, the student may be called for disciplinary action following the University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic Honesty. Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating and commissioning other students or people to complete the task for you have severe punishments (reprimand, warning, expulsion). Penalties for Late Assignments / Assessments The score for an assessment item submitted after the designated time on the due date, without an approved extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible maximum score for that assessment item for each day that the assessment item is late. However, if the late submission of the assessment paper has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If necessary, you will also be required to present/attach pieces of evidence. Return of Assignments / Assessments Assessment tasks will be returned to you within two (2) weeks after the submission. This will be returned through e- mail or via the Quipper. For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will require some or few of the students for online or virtual sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the originality of the assessment task submitted and to ensure that all the group members are involved. Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course coordinator your intention to resubmit an assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s failure to comply with the similarity index and other reasonable grounds such as academic literacy three (3) standards or other reasonable circumstances, e.g., illness, accident financial constraints. Re-marking of Assessment Papers and Appeal You should request in writing addressed to the course coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The course coordinator shall communicate with you on the approval and disapproval of the request.

Mabini Street, Tagum City Telefax: (084) 655- 9591 If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can elevate your case to the program head or the dean with the original letter of request. The final decision will come from the dean of the college. Grading System Your grades will be based on the following: Examinations First to Third 30% Final 30% = 60% Class Participations Quizzes 10% Assignments 5% Research/Requirements 15% Oral Recitation 10% = 40% Total = 100% Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual University system and procedures. Preferred Referencing Style Use the general practice of the APA 6th Edition. Student Communication You are required to have an e-mail account, which is a requirement to access the LMS portal. Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the students to have access to the materials and resources of the course. You may call or send SMS to your course coordinator through his/her phone number. Online communication channels, such as those stated above, may be used. You can also meet the course coordinator in person through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise your issues and concerns. Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Gina Fe G. Israel Dean of College E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 0915 832 5092 / 0909 994 2314 Larcyneil Pascual, MEAL Assistant Dean E-mail: Phone: Contact Details of the Discipline Head Maria Carolina Nuñeza Email: [email protected] Phone: 09997421670 Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the course coordinator about the nature of his or her special needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course coordinator with the approval of the program head may provide alternative assessment tasks or extension of the deadline for submission of assessment tasks. However, the

Mabini Street, Tagum City Telefax: (084) 655- 9591 alternative assessment tasks should still be in the service of achieving the desired course learning outcomes. Library Contact Details Clarissa R. Donayre, MSLS E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 0927 395 1639 Well-being Welfare Support Help Desk Contact Details Rochen D. Yntig, RGC GSTC Head E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 0932 771 7219 Mersun Faith A. Delco, RPm Psychometrician E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 0927 608 6037 Alfred Joshua M. Navarro Facilitator E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 0977 341 6064 CC’s Voice: Hello students! Welcome to this course GE 8: Readings in Philippine History. By now, am confident that you really wanted to learn and that you have visualized yourself already being in front of the classroom teaching. CO As hope of the Motherland, you have to be knowledgeable in evaluating the context, content, and perspectives of different kinds of primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and provenance; communicating historical analysis of a particular event or issue using various techniques and genres that could help others understand the chosen topic; and in proposing recommendations/solutions to present day problems based on their understanding of root causes and their anticipation of future scenarios manifesting interest in local history and concern in promoting and preserving our country’s national patrimony and cultural heritage. Let us begin! Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Quipper LMS

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Table of Contents

 - Telefax: (084) 655- 

• Part 1. Course Outline and Policies Page
  • CC’s Voice ............................................................................…….. Part 2. Instruction Delivery
  • Course Outcomes
  • Big Picture A: Unit Learning Outcomes
  • Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ………………………………………………
  • Metalanguage
  • Essential Knowledge
  • Self-Help
  • Let’s Check
  • Let’s Analyze
  • In a Nutshell
  • Q&A List
  • Keywords Index
  • Big Picture in Focus:ULOb …………………………………………..…
  • Metalanguage
  • Essential Knowledge
  • Self-Help
  • Let’s Check
  • Let’s Analyze
  • In a Nutshell
  • Q&A List
  • Keywords Index
  • Big Picture in Focus:ULOc …………………………………………..…
  • Telefax: (084) 655- Mabini Street, Tagum City
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture B: Unit Learning Outcomes
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ………………………………………………
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOb ………………………………………………
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOc …………………………………………..…
• Metalanguage
  • Telefax: (084) 655- Mabini Street, Tagum City
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOd ………………………………………………
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture C: Unit Learning Outcomes
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ………………………………………………
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOb ………………………………………………
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
  • Telefax: (084) 655- Mabini Street, Tagum City
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOc ………………………………………………
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOd…………………………………………..…
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture D: Unit Learning Outcomes
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ………………………………………………
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
  • Telefax: (084) 655- Mabini Street, Tagum City
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOb ………………………………………………
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOc …………………………………………..…
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell
• Q&A List
• Keywords Index
• Big Picture in Focus:ULOd ………………………………………………
• Metalanguage
• Essential Knowledge
• Self-Help
• Let’s Check
• Let’s Analyze
• In a Nutshell - Telefax: (084) 655- Mabini Street, Tagum City
  • Q&A List
  • Keywords Index
• Part 3 Course Schedule
  • Online Code of Conduct
    • Monitoring of OBD and DED............................................................

Mabini Street, Tagum City Telefax: (084) 655- 9591

Big Picture A

Week 1 - 3 : Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of this unit you are expected to: a. Explain the meaning and relevance of history; b. Differentiate the primary and secondary sources of information or data; and c. Discuss historical criticisms, namely, external and internal criticisms. Metalanguage In this section, the most essential terms and concepts relevant to the study of history and to demonstrate ULOa will be operationally defined to be able to understand and recognize the importance of history to our lives.

• History is a study of past events.
• Historians are the people who study the past; the people who produce historiography.
• Historiography the imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by that process. Essential Knowledge To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three ( 3 ) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.

1. THE MEANING OF HISTORY 1.1 History – derived from the Greek word Historia which means learning by inquiry or an inquiry designed to elicit truth. Herodotus , was a Greek historian who lived in 5th^ century B.C. He was considered to be the “father of history.” He came forward with his history of Persian Wars. He followed the principle of “inquiry” for writing his book (Kochhar, 2005) 1.2 There is no universal agreed definition of history. It has been defined differently by different scholars.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the meaning and relevance

of history.

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• Edward H. Carr says“history is a dialogue between the present and the past and the chief function of historian is to master and understand the past as a key to the understanding the present.”
• In the words of Jacob Burckhardt, “history is on every occasion the record of that which one age finds worthy of note in another.”
• Aristotle look upon history as the systematic accounting of a set of natural phenomena, that is, taking into consideration the chronological arrangement of the account.
• Thomas Carlyle thinks, “world history is a biography of great men.”
• Karl Marx opines, “the history of all hitherto existing human society is the history of class struggles’”
• Teodoro Agoncillo explains that “history deals with the past, not with the future. We use history to void the mistakes of the past, not to recreate the very same events.” 1.3 Factual History vs Speculative History
• Factual history – present readers the plain and basic information vis-à-vis the events that took place (What);
• time and date with which the events happened (When);
• place with which the events took place (Where);
• the people that were involve (Who).
• Speculative history – goes beyond the facts because it is concerned about the reasons for which events happened (Why);
• the way they happened (How) 1.4 Value of History
• Historical knowledge help government officials to introduce beneficial reforms to his people.
• Helps us to understand and appreciate the contributions of our ancestors.
• It helps us understand people and societies.
• It provides identity and it is essential for good citizenship. 2. THE LIMITATION OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE The scope of history is very vast, long and wide. After all, it is the story of man. It starts with the past and make the present its sheet-anchor and points to the future (Kochchar,2005). Unfortunately, the incompleteness of records has limited man’s knowledge of history. Most human affairs happen without leaving any evidence or records of any kind, no artifacts, or if there are, no further evidence of the human setting in which to place surviving artifacts (Ligan,et.al.,2018)
• The unavailability of written sources. According to Teodoro Agoncillo, “no document no history.”
• The difficulty also lies when historians try to reconstruct the past with the aid of written sources but may be unreliable, and they may even be later forgeries (Kochhar,2005) just like the case of Code of Kalantiaw.

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• The whole history of the past (called history-as-actuality) can be known to a historian only through the surviving records (history-as-record), and most of history-as-record is only a tiny part of the whole phenomenon (Ligan, et.al.,2018)
• Even remains of the past that came down in the form of archaeological evidences and anthropological evidence are only small parts discovered from the total past.
• Some historians lack of objectivity and impartiality in historical accounts. In the words of John Arnold, “history is above all else an argument. It is an argument between different historians; and, perhaps, an argument between the past and the present, an argument between what actually happened, and what is going to happen next.” ❖ Interpretation may differ from historian to historian 3. HISTORY AS THE SUBJECTIVE PROCESS OF RE-CREATION
• Historians strive to restore the total past of mankind. ❖ From them, history becomes only that part of the human past which can be meaningfully reconstructed from the available records and from inferences regarding their setting. ❖ Their aim is verisimilitude (the truth, authenticity, plausibility) about a past.
• Study of history is a subjective process as documents and relics are scattered and do not together comprise the total objective that the historian is studying, unlike the study of natural science that has objectively measurable phenomena.
• Some of the natural scientists, such as geologists and paleo-zoologists who study fossils from the traces of a perished past , greatly resemble historians in this regard, but they differ at certain points since historians deal with human testimonies as well as physical traces (Ligan, et.al,2018) 4. HISTORICAL METHOD AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
• Historical method - The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past
• Historiography ❖ imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by that process. ❖ the practice of historical writing ❖ is the study of the methods and methodology used by historians. ❖ The traditional method in doing historical research that focus on gathering of documents from different libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence needed in making a descriptive or analytical narrative.
• Historical analysis - is also an important element of historical method. In historical analysis, historians: ❖ select the subject to investigate; ❖ collect probable sources of information on the subject; ❖ examine the sources genuineness, in part of in the whole; ❖ extract credible “particulars” thus derived is historiography

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1. Bryant, Antony & Black, Alistair & Land, Frank &Porra, Jaana. (2013). Information Systems History: What is History? What is is History? What is History? … and Why Even Bother with History?. Journal of Information Technology. 28. 10.1057/jit.2013.3.
2. Fellma, Susanna andRahikainen, Marjatta. (2012). Historical Knowledge In Quest of Theory, Method and Evidence. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle, Britain. Retrieved at: https://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/5 9048
3. Jayapalan, N. (2008). Historiography. India. Retrieved athttps://books.google.com.ph/books?id=TYRYH96RaS0C&printsec=frontcover&sou rce=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. Kochhar, SK (2005). Teaching of history. India. Retrieved at: https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=PFbmQ562hBUC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fil#v=onep age&q&f=false
5. Ligan, Vigan, et al., (2018). Readings in Philippine history. Mutya Publishing House, Malabon City.
6. Llewellyn, Jennifer and Thompson, Steve. (2020). What is history? Alpha history, USA. Retrieved at: https://alphahistory.com/what-is-history/
7. Nasson, Bill (2001). History: the meaning and role of history in human development. South Africa. Retrieved at: https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6- 22 - 00 - 00.pdf
8. Standler, Ronald. (2013). What is history and why is it important? USA. Retrieved at: http://www.rbs0.com/wh.pdf

Let’s Check

Activity 1. Now that you know the most essential terms about History, let us try to check your understanding of these terms. In the space provided, write True or False. True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect. (1 point each number) _____________________1. Studying history will teach students important skills. _____________________2. History is derived from the Latin word historia , meaning inquiry or investigation. _____________________3. Herodotus is considered to be the father of history. _____________________4. Plutarch was a philosopher and teacher of Alexander the Great who emphasized that knowledge is acquired through employing a process of scientific investigation of past events. _____________________5. Renato Constantino, a Filipino historian, who posited the notion that “no document no history.” _____________________ 6. Historical Analysis is the study of historical writing.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you

further understand the lesson:

Mabini Street, Tagum City Telefax: (084) 655- 9591 _____________________ 7. Speculative history goes beyond the facts and is concerned about the “why” and “how” rather than the “what” and “when”. _____________________ 8. Absolute objectivity and impartiality are possible for the historian. _____________________9. Verisimilitude is the aim of every historian. _____________________10. Historical method is the process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the essential terms about history is not enough, what also matters is your ability to understand the concepts and be able to explain the relevance of history provided in each item. Now, I will require you to explain thoroughly your answers. (10 points each item)

1. Discuss the importance of studying history.
2. Explain the scope and limitation of history.

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3. Do you agree with Teodoro Agoncillo, when he said, “history is written by every generation. Every generation writes its own history using the same sources. The interpretations vary according to time.”
4. Discuss the importance of historical analysis. In a NUTSHELL! In this section you will provide the very gist of the unit that you have learned. Democratic Points: You are going to jot down the things that you have learned in bullet form. You may express it in sentence or in phrase.

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Question & Answer (Q&A)

You are free to list down all the emerging questions or issues in the provided spaces below. These questions or concerns may also be raised in the LMS or other modes. You may answer these questions on your own after clarification. The Q&A portion helps in the review of concepts and essential knowledge. Questions/Issues Answers

Keywords

• History
• Historians
  • Historiography
• Historical analysis
• Verisimilitude
• Historical method
  • Historical bias

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Metalanguage

In this section, you are going to know about the different sources of historical data and to demonstrate ULOb and will be operationally defined to be able to understand.

• Primary sources are original, first-hand account of an event or period that are usually written or made during or close to the event or period.
• Secondary sources are the materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place to provide valuable interpretations of historical events.

Essential Knowledge

To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three ( 3 ) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.

1. Historical Data – are sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past. 1.1 These artifacts can either be relics or remains , or the testimonies of witnesses to the past. 1.2 Thus, historical sources are those materials from which the historians construct meaning. 1.3 The source provides evidence about the existence of an event; and a historical interpretation is an argument about the event. ➢ Relics or remains, whose existence offer researchers a clue about the past. - For example, the relics or remains of a prehistoric settlement, a bone or a teeth.

Mabini Street, Tagum City Telefax: (084) 655- 9591 ➢ Artifacts are man-made things which can be found where relics of human happenings can be found,

• For example, a cloth, a coin, a manuscript, a book, a portrait, a stamp, a piece of wreckage or infrastructure.

2. Testimonies of witnesses , whether oral or written, may have been created to serve as records or they might have been created for some other purposes.

• All these describe an event, such as the record of a property exchange, speeches, and commentaries.

3. The historians deal with the dynamic or genetic (the becoming) as well as the static (the being) and aims at being interpretative (explaining why and how things happened and were interrelated) as well as descriptive (telling what happened, when and where, and who took part). 4. Historical Sources Historical sources fall into two categories: primary and secondary sources.

• PRIMARY SOURCES ❖ are original, first-hand account of an event or period that are usually written or made during or close to the event or period. ❖ The raw materials of history-original documents and objects which were created at the time under study ❖ Also called original sources There are two kinds of primary sources. ❖ Written sources are usually categorized in three ways a. Narrative or literature are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart a message whose motives for their composition vary widely.
• For example, a scientific tract is typically composed in order to inform contemporaries or succeeding generations; a newspaper article might be intended to shape opinion; the so-called ego document or personal narrative such as a diary or memoir might be composed in order to persuade readers of the justice of the author’s actions. b. Diplomatic sources are understood to be those which document/record an existing legal situation or create a new one, and it is these kinds of sources that professional historians once treated as the purest, the “best” source.
• Classic diplomatic source is the charter, which is a legal instrument. A legal document is usually sealed or authenticated to provide evidence that a legal transaction has been completed and can be used as evidence in a judicial proceeding in case of dispute.

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• Diplomatic sources possess specific formal properties, such as hand and print style, the ink, the seal, for external properties and rhetorical devices and images for internal properties, which are determined by the norms of laws and by tradition. Such characters also vary in time (each generation has its own norms) and according to origin (each bureaucracy has its own traditions). c. Social documents are information pertaining to economic, social, political or judicial significance. They are records kept by bureaucracies.
• A few examples are government reports, such as municipal accounts, research findings, and documents li

• ke these parliamentary procedures, civil registry records, property register and records of census. ❖ Non-written sources Non written sources are unconscious testimony in the form of remains or relics, e.g., fossils, artifacts unearthed by archaeologist and oral sources Unwritten sources are as essential as written sources. There are two types: a. Material evidence , also known as archaeological evidence is one of the most important unwritten evidences. This include artistic creations such as potter, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches, roads, and others that tell a story about the past
• These artifacts can tell a great deal about the ways of life of people in the past, and their culture.
• These artifacts can also reveal a great deal about the socio-cultural interconnections of the different groups of people especially when an object is unearthed in more than one place.
• Even places that are thought to be insignificant, such as garbage pits, can provide valuable information to historians as these can be traces of a former settlement.
• Archaeological sites that are of interest to historians are unearthed during excavations for roads, sewer lines, and big building structures. b. Oral evidence is also an important source of information for historians. Much are told by the tales or sagas of ancient peoples and the folk songs or popular rituals from the premodern period of Philippine history.
• During the present age, interviews are another major form of oral evidence. SECONDARY SOURCES It is the materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place to provide valuable interpretations of historical events. ❖ A secondary source analyzes and interprets primary sources. ❖ It is an interpretation of second-hand account of a historical event. ❖ Examples of secondary sources are biographies, histories, literary criticism, books written by a third party about a historical event, art and theater reviews, newspaper or journal articles that interpret.

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1. Coe, Aaron. (2016). Differences between primary and secondary sources. Retrieved at: https://research.phoenix.edu/blog/differences-between-primary-and-secondary- sources
2. Gorlinski, V. (2012). Understanding history. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved at: http://www.britanica.com/place/mindanao
3. Hirst, Kris. (2019). What is history? Dotdash publishing family, USA.Retrieved at: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-history-collection-of-definitions- 171282
4. Ithaca College Library, Research 101. Retrieved at https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
5. Llewellyn, Jennifer and Thompson, Steve. (2020). What is history? Alpha history, USA. Retrieved at: https://alphahistory.com/history-concepts/
6. Jayapalan, N. (2008). Historiography. India. Retrieved athttps://books.google.com.ph/books?id=TYRYH96RaS0C&printsec=frontcover&sou rce=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
7. Kochhar, SK (2005). Teaching of history. India. Retrieved at: https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=PFbmQ562hBUC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fil#v=onep age&q&f=false
8. Ligan, Vigan, et al., (2018). Readings in Philippine history. Mutya Publishing House, Malabon City.

Let’s Check

Activity 1. Now that you know the different sources of historical data, let us try to check your understanding of these terms by making a Venn diagram showing the differences of the primary and secondary sources of information or data.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you

further understand the lesson:

Mabini Street, Tagum City Telefax: (084) 655- 9591 Activity 2. Now that you are familiar about the different sources of historical data, what also matters is your ability to identify the terms under this lesson. Write the letter of your best answer in the space provided before each item. _______1. Interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art are what type of source of information? A. Static sources C. Primary sources B. Descriptive sources D. Interpretative sources _______2. Which of the following best describes narrative/literature? A. This includes numerical and qualitative data B. It presents chronicles and events in written form and is fictional in nature C. It presents chronicles and events in written form which aims to impart a specific message to the readers. D. A document based on facts of an existing legal situation used by professional historians _______3. Which type of source of historical data often lacks the freshness an immediacy of the original material? A. Primary Source C. Diplomatic source B. Secondary Source D. Reliable source _______4. Historians search for information about a past event by using historical _______. A. Sources C. Artifacts B. Evidence D. Remains _______5. These historical sources are materials by nature. A. Unwritten sources C. Written sources B. Reliable sources D. Tattoo _______6. An example of this is a skull cap which provides information about early humans in the Philippines. A. Artifact C. Tattoo B. Archives D. Relic _______7. Among the following which is the best example of primary source? A. Newspaper C. Painting B. Electronic data D. Tape recorder _______8. What is the historical tract typically composed to inform contemporaries or succeeding generations? A. Narrative C. Juridical tracts B. Literature D. Scientific tracts _______9. These are materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place. A. Primary source C. Scientific source B. Diplomatic source D. Secondary source _______10. Which is not an example of a primary source? A. Biographies C. A birth certificate B. Letters D. A photograph

Mabini Street, Tagum City Telefax: (084) 655- 9591

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1. Primary sources and secondary sources of historical data have their own benefits as well as advantages and disadvantages. In this part, you are required to give a concise explanation/ discussion on the following items. (10 pts each item)

1. What are the benefits of using primary sources?
2. Do you affirm that primary sources are superior to secondary sources? Explain.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of accessing secondary sources?