Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Referencing Manual for Arabic Studies: Citing Arabic Sources, Study notes of History

A comprehensive guide on how to reference Arabic sources using various citation styles, including the Harvard System. It covers different types of sources such as books, journal articles, newspaper articles, conference papers, and electronic sources. The document also includes helpful hints and examples for citing Arabic names and e-mails.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/27/2022

brandonflowers
brandonflowers 🇬🇧

4

(13)

233 documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Referencing Manual for Arabic Studies: Citing Arabic Sources and more Study notes History in PDF only on Docsity!

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005

Referencing Manual

by Ahmed Abu-Zayed

with appendix “Arabic Names and How to Cite Them”

by Paul Auchterlonie

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 1

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students

 - 04 October 
  • Referencing Manual....................................................................................................... Table of contents
  • Table of contents.............................................................................................................
  • Definitions:
  • Why Referencing?
  • When do I need to reference?
  • Types of referencing:
  • Steps Involved in Referencing:.......................................................................................
  • The Harvard System
  • General Rules:.................................................................................................................
  • Referencing print & non-print sources:
    • Citation in the Text:
    • Reference List:
  • Referencing online sources:..........................................................................................
    • Citation in the Text:
    • Helpful Hints.............................................................................................................
    • Reference List:
  • Arabic Names and How to Cite Them..........................................................................
  • Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed.

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005

Why Referencing?

Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments. Also, to enhance the credibility of the information in your text.

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 4

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005

When do I need to reference?

A Reference is required when you:

  1. Quote another person word for word (direct quotation). It doesn't matter whether it is a phrase, sentence or paragraph, you will need to provide a reference from which it was taken.
  2. Paraphrase or summarise. Ideas or data obtained from another writer must be referenced even if you have changed the wording and/or content
  3. Use statistics. (e.g. population)
  4. Use tables, figures, diagrams and appendices. The source of these must be acknowledged unless they are entirely from your own research work.
  5. Use controversial facts, opinions, or a date which might be challenged. However, information of a general nature such as facts which are common knowledge e.g. the years of World War II do not need to be referenced.

Please note that whilst Library staff can direct students to the location of referencing guides either online or in print, they cannot give specific advice to students on how to reference, as this is the role of academic staff, many of whom have specific preferences for citing. Please contact the appropriate academic staff member to clarify any referencing issues you may have.

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 5

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005

Steps Involved in Referencing:

  1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken. a. In the case of a book , ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable). b. In the case of a journal article the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers. c. For all electronic information , in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the information, and database name or web address (URL).
  2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).
  3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 7

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005

The Harvard System

General Rules:

  • Quoted, paraphrased or summarised work
  • Rules about authors
  • Quotations
  • Page numbers in the textual reference
  • Date variations

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 8

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005

  • Rules about authors In the Harvard System cited publications are referred to in the text by giving the author’s surname and the year of publication (see, Citation in the Text ) and are listed in a bibliography at the end of the text (see Reference List ).

The person or organisation shown most prominently in the source as responsible for the content in its published form should be given. For certain kinds of work, e.g. dictionaries or encyclopaedias, or if an item is the co-operative work of many individuals, none of whom have a dominant role, e.g. videos or films, the title should be used instead of an originator or author.

Sometimes a work will bear the name of a sponsoring organisation in addition to the names of individual authors. In this case, treat the organisation as the author of the work, structuring your reference according to the rule in the section on The Reference List.

You can use a well-known shortened form of an organisation's name (e.g. ESCWA or AMF) in both the textual reference (for the sake of space) and the reference list provided you include an alphabetical list of all abbreviated names used. Place this before the reference list. Remember that the name you use in the textual reference must match the name you use in the reference list.

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 10

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005

  • Quotations Quotations shorter than 30 words can be integrated into the text of your essay but must be placed within single quotation marks. Quotations that are more than 30 words are not enclosed within quotation marks. They must be set apart in the text in the following way: o decrease the font size of the quote by one size; o leave a one line space above and below the quote; and o indent the entire quote on the left hand side (one centimetre, as a rough guide). Always introduce a long quotation by a colon, as in the following example :

De Raeve (1998, p. 488) is of the opinion that:

Nursing cannot require of individual nurses that they wholeheartedly sacrifice personal for professional integrity, since this would lead to the depersonalization of the individual and to individuals becoming the tools of the group. This, it might be said, was what happened to prison camp guards in Nazi Germany, where integrity might have been construed purely as loyalty to the regime and obedience to authority, thereby, many would say, undermining its very nature.

This argument may be especially pertinent where nurses are employed by the state.

If you leave out a word or words from a quote, insert three trailing dots in place of the missing words. Make sure the original meaning remains the same with the word(s) taken out.

According to Boyd (1998, p. 1003), 'through social support a person ... feels helped, valued, and in personal control ...'

Here the first set of dots replace the word also. The dots at the end of the quote indicate that only part of the original sentence was used.

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 11

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005

  • Date variations

Occasionally a publication will not have a clear-cut publication date for you to use in your reference. You need to communicate this to your reader by using one of the following conventions. Remember that whatever you use in the textual reference you must also use in the reference list.

o No date on publication-use the abbreviation n.d. for no date o Date only approximate-precede the approximate date with a lowercase c for circa o Dubious date-precede a questionable date with a question mark (e.g. Jones ?1899) o An unpublished work-give the abbreviation unpub. in place of a date if a work is unpublished. (This does not apply to personal communications.)

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 13

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005

Referencing print & non-print sources:

Citation in the Text:

Also called in-text references. When you use another's ideas you should immediately acknowledge your sources. Always give the surname of the author and the date of publication. If you are referring to the general theme of the book, page numbers are unnecessary. Where you are quoting or referring to figures or data, page numbers must be included. However many of academics may insist on page numbers to be in citations. Examples follow:-

The concept of Arab nationalism started with ….. (Ayubi 1995, p. 223).

Ayubi (1995, p. 223) argues that the concept of Arab nationalism started with …..

Click on the items below for examples:

1. When volumes, sections or equations are needed **2. Two or three authors

  1. More than three authors 4. Multiple citations of the same** **author
  2. Two authors, same surname 6. More than one work cited
  3. Personal communications 8. Encyclopaedias and** dictionaries (if no author is **evident)
  4. Editors 10. Unpublished works
  5. No date or approximate date 12. Anonymous (author)
  6. No personal author,** sponsored by corporate body **14. Newspapers
  7. Citations from secondary** sources **16. The Holy Books
  8. Motion pictures, videos, DVDs** and television and radio programs **18. CD-ROMs
  9. Legislation 20. Direct quotations**

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 14

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005 Two or three authors

(Stansfield & Anderson 2004)

Stansfield and Anderson (2004) theorized that...

(Boyd, Smith & Eberle 1995)

Boyd, Smith and Eberle (1995) found...

Note: The ampersand is used when the authors' names are in brackets.

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 16

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005 More than three authors

Use the first author only followed by ' et al. ' For example, a work by Carter, Morton, Duncan-Kemp and Redding becomes:

Carter et al. (1989) discussed library search methods.

A range of search methods (Carter et al. 1989) were discussed.

Note: Names of all the authors must be given in the list of references.

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 17

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005 Two authors, same surname

Initials are included to distinguish.

The theory was propounded by AE Smith (1981), but has been refuted since (Smith, BR 1985).

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 19

Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005 More than one work cited

(Larsen 1971; Haddon 1969)

Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 20