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A comprehensive guide on how to reference Arabic sources using various citation styles, including the Harvard System. It covers different types of sources such as books, journal articles, newspaper articles, conference papers, and electronic sources. The document also includes helpful hints and examples for citing Arabic names and e-mails.
Typology: Study notes
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Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005
by Ahmed Abu-Zayed
by Paul Auchterlonie
Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 1
- 04 October
Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005
Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments. Also, to enhance the credibility of the information in your text.
Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 4
Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005
A Reference is required when you:
Please note that whilst Library staff can direct students to the location of referencing guides either online or in print, they cannot give specific advice to students on how to reference, as this is the role of academic staff, many of whom have specific preferences for citing. Please contact the appropriate academic staff member to clarify any referencing issues you may have.
Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 5
Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005
Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 7
Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005
Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 8
Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005
The person or organisation shown most prominently in the source as responsible for the content in its published form should be given. For certain kinds of work, e.g. dictionaries or encyclopaedias, or if an item is the co-operative work of many individuals, none of whom have a dominant role, e.g. videos or films, the title should be used instead of an originator or author.
Sometimes a work will bear the name of a sponsoring organisation in addition to the names of individual authors. In this case, treat the organisation as the author of the work, structuring your reference according to the rule in the section on The Reference List.
You can use a well-known shortened form of an organisation's name (e.g. ESCWA or AMF) in both the textual reference (for the sake of space) and the reference list provided you include an alphabetical list of all abbreviated names used. Place this before the reference list. Remember that the name you use in the textual reference must match the name you use in the reference list.
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Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005
De Raeve (1998, p. 488) is of the opinion that:
Nursing cannot require of individual nurses that they wholeheartedly sacrifice personal for professional integrity, since this would lead to the depersonalization of the individual and to individuals becoming the tools of the group. This, it might be said, was what happened to prison camp guards in Nazi Germany, where integrity might have been construed purely as loyalty to the regime and obedience to authority, thereby, many would say, undermining its very nature.
This argument may be especially pertinent where nurses are employed by the state.
If you leave out a word or words from a quote, insert three trailing dots in place of the missing words. Make sure the original meaning remains the same with the word(s) taken out.
According to Boyd (1998, p. 1003), 'through social support a person ... feels helped, valued, and in personal control ...'
Here the first set of dots replace the word also. The dots at the end of the quote indicate that only part of the original sentence was used.
Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 11
Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005
Occasionally a publication will not have a clear-cut publication date for you to use in your reference. You need to communicate this to your reader by using one of the following conventions. Remember that whatever you use in the textual reference you must also use in the reference list.
o No date on publication-use the abbreviation n.d. for no date o Date only approximate-precede the approximate date with a lowercase c for circa o Dubious date-precede a questionable date with a question mark (e.g. Jones ?1899) o An unpublished work-give the abbreviation unpub. in place of a date if a work is unpublished. (This does not apply to personal communications.)
Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 13
Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005
Also called in-text references. When you use another's ideas you should immediately acknowledge your sources. Always give the surname of the author and the date of publication. If you are referring to the general theme of the book, page numbers are unnecessary. Where you are quoting or referring to figures or data, page numbers must be included. However many of academics may insist on page numbers to be in citations. Examples follow:-
The concept of Arab nationalism started with ….. (Ayubi 1995, p. 223).
Ayubi (1995, p. 223) argues that the concept of Arab nationalism started with …..
Click on the items below for examples:
1. When volumes, sections or equations are needed **2. Two or three authors
Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 14
Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005 Two or three authors
(Stansfield & Anderson 2004)
Stansfield and Anderson (2004) theorized that...
(Boyd, Smith & Eberle 1995)
Boyd, Smith and Eberle (1995) found...
Note: The ampersand is used when the authors' names are in brackets.
Compiled & edited by A. A. Zayed. 16
Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005 More than three authors
Use the first author only followed by ' et al. ' For example, a work by Carter, Morton, Duncan-Kemp and Redding becomes:
Carter et al. (1989) discussed library search methods.
A range of search methods (Carter et al. 1989) were discussed.
Note: Names of all the authors must be given in the list of references.
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Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005 Two authors, same surname
Initials are included to distinguish.
The theory was propounded by AE Smith (1981), but has been refuted since (Smith, BR 1985).
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Library & Information Services Referencing Manual For IAIS students 04 October 2005 More than one work cited
(Larsen 1971; Haddon 1969)
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