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EDF 6225 Test #2 Questions and Answers
Automatic Reinforcement reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others conditioned reinforcer A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer. Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness. positive reinforcement A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often. positive reinforcer A stimulus whose presentation or onset functions as reinforcement. Premack Principle A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. Grandmas law Reinforcer Assessment Refers to a variety of direct, empirical methods for presenting one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and measuring their effectiveness as reinforcers. response deprivation hypothesis A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement. rule-governed behavior behavior controlled bya rule; enables human beahvior to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences. Socially mediated contingencies A contingency in which an antecedent stimulus and/or the consequence for the behavior is presented by another person.
stimulus preference assessment A variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference values (high versus low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference values remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers. Reinforcement theory is a _______ theory. That means all of its components are defined by their function rather than by their_____. Functional, topography positive reinforcement is a functional relation defined by two-term contingency: a response is followed immediately by the _______ of a stimulus, and, as a result , similar responses occur more _____ in the future. Presentation, frequently The stimulus change responsible for the increase in responding is called __________. A delay (even one second) can ________ the intended effects of a stimulus because it allows for another, unintended stimulus to happen prior to the intended stimulus. Reinforcement, change In addition to increasing the future frequency of the behavior it follows (consequence stimuli ), ______ changes the function of antecedent stimuli. This antecedent stimulus may evoke behavior because it correlated with the availability of reinforcement and is known as the _______. Reinforcement, discriminative stimulus The discriminative stimulus only signals the _____ of a reinforcer. It does not change the effectiveness of a reinforcer. Availability A ______ _______ increases or decreases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer. A motivating operation does not signal the _______ of a reinforcer. Motivating operation, occurrence The refrigerator may typically signal the availability of food and food could be considered a _______ if you are hungry reinforcer Your hunger is not contingent on the availability of the refrigerator - it can happen anywhere. Your hunger is considered a ______________. motivating operation Your refrigerator may be available when you are not hungry. It is always there. Your refrigerator is simply a signal for the availability of reinforcement, otherwise known as the _______. discriminative stimuli _______ are stimuli that function as reinforcement without requiring a learning history. These stimuli are the product of phylogenic development , meaning that all members of a species are susceptible to the same properties of stimuli.
discriminated avoidance A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer. escape contingency contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus-compare with avoidance contingency free-operant avoidance A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus. negative reinforcement contingency in which the occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus, which lead to an increase in the future occurrence of that response. unconditioned negative reinforcer A stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcer as a result of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny); no prior learning is involved (e.g., shock, loud noise, intense light, extreme temperatures, strong pressure against the body). behavioral contrast The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule. conditioned punisher A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers. Discriminative stimulus for punishment Sdp. Stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has been punished and in the absence of which that behavior has not been punished; as a result of this history, the behavior occurs less often I. The presence of the sdp than in its absence. generalized conditioned punisher A stimulus change that, as a result of having been paired with many other punishers, functions as punishment under most conditions because it is free from the control of motivating conditions for specific types of punishment. negative punishment A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions. Overcorrection
A behavior change tactic based on positive punishment in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior directly or logically related to fixing the damage caused by the behavior positive practice overcorrection A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior, the learner is required to repeat a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, a specified number of times; entails an educative component. positive punishment A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. Punisher A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it. punishment A response-consequence functional relation in which a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases future occurrences of that behavior. Recovery from Punishment The occurrence of a previously punished type of response without its punishing consequence; analogues to the extinction of previously reinforced behavior and has the effect of undoing the effect of the punishment. response blocking A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior. response interruption and redirection (RIRD) A procedural variation of response blocking that involves interrupting stereotypic behavior at its onset and redirecting the individual to complete high-probability behaviors instead. restitutional overcorrection A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair the damage or return the environment to its original state and then to engage in additional behavior to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the misbehavior. unconditioned punisher A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. bonus response cost A procedure for implementing response cost in which the person is provided a reservoir of reinforcers that are removed in predetermined amounts contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior contingent observation
positive punishment _____ has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the presentation. Of a stimulus immediately following a behavior. Aversive Because aversive events are associated with positive punishment and with negative reinforcement, the term ______ control is often used to describe interventions involving either or both of these contingencies. Punisher A ______ is a stimulus the has acquired its punishing capabilities by being paired with unconditioned or conditioned punishers. punishment A _______ is a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior. Punishment, escape Dr. Murray Sidman summarizes many times that we consider virtue to be its own _____. He also indicated that it is a myth to believe that punishment does not teach anything because it effectively teaches avoidance and _____. Sidman, 1993 Positive reinforcement, decrease Punishment must be paired with ______. The power of punishment techniques is that they can rapidly ______ an individuals rate of problem behaviors. But merely suppressing unacceptable behaviors is not enough: the individual should also be taught appropriate and functional behaviors. removal Negative punishment has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the ____ of the stimulus immediately following a behavior. Positive punishment, negative reinforcement Because aversive events are associated with ___ and with ____ the term aversive control is often used to describe interventions involving either or both of these contingencies. Response blocking, positive _____, which is when a person or device blocks a response we to prevent it from Completing , would be considered _____ punishment (based on evidence from behavior decreasing). Time out, negative ___ is defined as withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time. This would be considered ___punishment Overcorrection _____ is when, contingent upon a problem behavior, the leaner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the problem. This would be considered ____ punishment. Response cost, negative
_____ is a form of punishment in which the loss of specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent on the performance of an inappropriate behavior and results In The decreased probability of the future occurrence of the behavior. This would be considered ____ punishment. restitutional overcorrection _____ is when the learner must repair the damage caused by the problem behavior and then bring the environment back to a condition that is notably improved than before the behavior occurred. Response cost A direct fine is an example of _____. reinforcing Time out will typically be ineffective if "time In" is not ______. Unconditioned or conditioned punishers A conditioned punisher is a stimulus that has acquired its punishing capabilities by being paired with _____. Decreases A punisher is a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and _____ the future frequency of that type of behavior. Adjunctive Behavior behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement for other behavior: time- filling or interim activities that are induced by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be derived-aka schedule-induced behavior Alternative schedule (alt) Provides reinforcement whenever the requirement of either a ratio schedule or an interval schedule—the basic schedules that make up the alternative schedule—is met, regardless of which of the component schedule's requirements is met first. Behavioral contrast The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule. chained schedule A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule. Compound schedule of reinforcement schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more elements of continuous reinforcement, the 4 intermittent schedules of reinforcement of various rates of responding, and extinction concurrent schedule
allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative Mixed Schedule of Reinforcement a compound schedule of reinforcment that consists of 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating sequence multiple schedule (mult) A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time. Post-Reinforcement Pause (PRP) The pause in responding after the consumption of the reinforcer and before the next ratio of responses, or ratio run, begins. PRPs are found with fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Progressive schedule of reinforcement a variation of the fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement that increases the ratio requirements incrementally within the session. These schedule requirements are changed using a) arithmetic progressions to add to a constant number ot each successive ratios or b) geometric progressions to add successively a constant proportion o f the preceding ratio ratio strain behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules Schedule of reinforcement A rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement; a description of a contingency of reinforcement. schedule thinning Changing a contingency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval; it results in a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both. tandem schedule (tand) A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except, like the mix schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain. Variable Interval (VI) A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first correct response following the elapse of variable durations of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order. The mean duration of the intervals is used to describe the schedule (e.g., on a VI 10-minute schedule, reinforcement is delivered for the first response following an average of 10 minutes since the last reinforced response, but the time that elapses following the last reinforced response might range from 30 seconds or less to 25 minutes or more
Variable Ratio (VR) A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. The number of responses required varies around a random number; the mean number of responses required for reinforcement is used to describe the schedule (e.g., on a VR 10 schedule an average of 10 responses must be emitted for reinforcement, but the number of responses required following the last reinforced response might range from 1 to 30 or more). Ratio strain ______can result from abrupt increase In ration requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules. Interval schedule If the contingency between responses and reinforcement depends on time, the schedule is called an ______. Variable Ratio (VR) If the contingency between responses and reinforcement depends on the number of responses, the schedule is called a _______. fixed A ______ ratio schedule requires a specified number of responses before a response produces reinforcement.. Ratio A variable _____ schedule requires a variable number of responses score a response produces reinforcement. interval A fixed ____ schedule provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of a specific, constant duration of time since the last reinforced response. Variable A ______ interval schedule provides reinforcement for the first response following the elapse of variable duration of time since the last reinforced response. limited hold When a ______ is added to an interval schedule reinforcement remains available for a finite time following the elapse of the FI or VI interval. Concurrent schedules ______ are when reinforcement occurs when (a) two or more contingencies of reinforcement (b)operate independently and simultaneously (c) for two or more behaviors. Multiple schedules ______ are when reinforcement occurs in alternating, usually random sequence and can be identified by the discriminative stimulus. variable schedule
