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The global and Indian energy scenario, potential of nonconventional energy sources, economics, solar radiation, solar energy storage, hot water system, wind energy, geothermal energy, OTEC, wave energy, tidal energy, and energy from biomass. It also presents India's energy reserves, installed power generation capacity, and power densities of renewable energy sources and conventional energy forms. the origin of renewable energy sources and their limitations. It is a module for a Mechanical Engineering course on Heat Power & Thermal Engineering at Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha.
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Subject Code: P2HTCC Module: I, II & III DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CAPGS, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha Chhend, Rourkela, Pin- 769015
M. Tech (Mechanical Engineering) Syllabus for Admission Batch 2016- 18 2ndSemester Page ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Renewable Energy Sources Module I Energy scenario and renewable energy sources: global and Indian situation. Potential of nonconventional energy sources, economics. Solar Radiation: Solar thermal process, heat transfer devices, solar radiation measurement, estimation of average solar radiation. Solar energy storage: stratified storage, well mixed storage, comparison. Module II Hot water system, Practical consideration, solar ponds, Non-convective solar pond, extraction of thermal energy and application of solar ponds. Wind energy: The nature of wind. Wind energy resources and modeling. Geothermal energy: Origin and types of geothermal energy and utilization. Module III OTEC: Ocean temperature differences. OTEC systems. Recent OTEC developments. Wave energy: Fundamentals. Availability Wave-energy conversion systems. Tidal energy: Fundamentals. Availability Tidal-energy conversion systems; Energy from biomass: Photosynthesis; Biomass resource; Utilization of biomass. Books S. P. Sukhatme, Solar Energy Principle of Thermal Collection and Storage‟, Tata McGraw Hill, 1990. G. L. Johnson, Wind energy systems, Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey. J. M. Kriender, Principles of Solar Engineering‟, McGraw Hill, 1987. Reference V. S. Mangal, Solar Engineering‟, Tata McGraw Hill, 1992. N. K. Bansal, Renewable Energy Source and Conversion Technology‟, Tata McGraw Hill, 1989. P. J. Lunde, Solar Thermal Engineering‟, John Willey & Sons, New York, 1988. J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes‟, Wiley & Sons, 1990.
Energy is highly essential for the growth of the developing and developed countries. This has direct impact on socioeconomic groups of nations. The demand of energy varies from country to country. The energy sources available are classified into two sources of energy. (a) Primary energy sources: The energy sources are available in nature such as coal, oil, wind, solar, biogas, geothermal and ocean energy; are termed as primary energy sources. Some of these are directly used for energy supply like burning fuel in furnaces, transportation purposes etc.
(b) Secondary energy sources: Burning of fuel produces heat which is utilized to produce steam in power plant and the electricity is generated. So heat and electricity are termed as secondary energy sources. The table presented below for major primary and secondary energy sources in Global situation.
Non-Commercial and Commercial Energy Sources: All energy sources which are available in nature like wind, sun, hydro etc. are non-commercial energy sources. Biomass like cattle dung, agricultural waste, fire woods etc are used by rural people for burning purposes and solar energy for drying purposes. These are also called as non-commercial energy sources because for production of heat or energy technology is not essential. Applications of solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy for electricity and lifting water from the ground require technology are termed as commercial energy sources.
Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Sources:- The energy sources like coal and petroleum products take million years for production. These energy sources are going to be exhausted after few years. These energy sources are termed as non-renewable energy sources. Energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, various forms of biomass and marine energy (wave & tidal) are never exhaustible. These are termed as renewable energy sources. Geothermal and ocean thermal energy sources are also renewable energy sources.
India’s Energy Reserves:- The Ministry of statistics and program Implementation, Govt. of India, 2012 has produced the following data. Coal Main fossil energy reserves in India at 286 billion tons and 41 billion tons of lignite. These are available in eastern and southern belts of the country. Crude Oil Limited to 757 million tons m 3 . Natural Gas Limited to 1241 billion tons m 3 . Nuclear Energy Uranium can fuel only 10,000 MW pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR). *India depends primarily on Uranium to run the reactors. Thorium is also another source for nuclear energy which runs in fast breeder reactor. The fast breeder reactor has been rejected by Europe and USA due to safety concerns.
11 Renewable Energy Sources:- The capacity addition in renewable energy was about 27,300 MW in 2012. Technology Capacity Installed in MW by 2012. Coal 11, Hydro 38, Renewable 27, Gas 18, Nuclear 4, Total 201, Table: India’s Installed power generation capacity. Thermal 54.4% Hydro 21.60% Renewable 10.90% Gas 10.10% nuclear 2.7%
16 Geothermal Power Station Geothermal station Hydel Power station Glacier Power station Wind Energy Convertor Wave Power Station Sea Current Station Thermal Ocean Power Plant Heat Pump Station Power Station Conversion System Photosynthesis Solar Cells Thermal Collector Tidal Power Station Primary Energy Sources Thermal Energy Conversion Energy Conversion Process Secondary Energy Isotropic dissociation Geothermal at the core of the earth Condensation Rain Melting Atmospheric Movement Wave Movement Sea Currents Heating of earth’s surface and the atmosphere Bio production Gravitational pull Tides of planets Fig : Use of renewable energy sources directly or indirectly through energy conversion process. Electri cal Energy Therm al Energy Chemi cal Energy
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1.4 Potential of Renewable Energy Sources:- Even though above limitations, there are certain applications where the renewable energy sources are employed efficiently and economically. So it is necessary to understand the fundamental aspects of the technology involved for the production of the renewable energy sources. 1. 4. 1 Geothermal Energy:- Geothermal = Geo (earth) + therme (heat). So the meaning of geothermal energy is the heat from the earth. The heat is generated at a depth of 6000 km below the earth’s surface due to continuous decay of radioactive particles. The temperature variations with depth are shown in Fig(a) and different layers of earth along depth is shown in Fig.(b).
20 Depth (km) 2000 4000 6000 4000 5000 Temp 0 C Fig: (a) Temperature distribution along depth of earth and (b) different layers of earth along depth (a) Crust Iron Core Magma Mantle (b) The core has two layers: (i) Solid iron core and (ii) Magma (outer core made of very hot melted rock). Mantle consists of rock and magma, spreads over depth of 2600km. Crust is the outer most layer of the earth whose depth is 5-8 km under ocean or 25-60 km on the continents.
