Reproduction and Inheritance, Schemes and Mind Maps of Genetics

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L E V E L

L E V E L

d

Reproduction and Inheritance

Living things produce offspring

of the same species.

CfE links - HWB 0-47a, MNU 0-20b,

LIT 0-04a

Reproduction and Inheritance

with each other or with their parents but In many cases offspring are not identical

have similarities.

CfE links - SCN 1 -14a, MTH 1-15a, MNU

1 - 20b, MTH 1 - 21a,

LIT 1 - 10a

Reproduction and Inheritance

Some traits are solely inherited and others

result from interactions with the

environment.

CfE links - SCN 2-14b, SCN 2-03a, MNU

2-20b, MNU 2-22a, HWB 2-30a, HWB 2-

32a,

SCN 2-14a, LIT 2-26a.

Genetics and Inheritance

Genetic Information is passed down from one

generation of organisms to another

Key Themes:

DNA

Genes

Inherited Characteristics

Reproduction

Technological Advances

molecule DNA in the form of a genetic code. GenesGenetic information in a cell is held in the chemical

determine the development and structure of

organisms. In asexual reproduction all the genes in

the offspring come from one parent. In sexual

reproduction one full set of the genes come from

each parent

E A R L Y

F I R S T

S E C O N D

E A R L Y

F I R S T

S E C O N D

L E V E L

L E V E L

NATIONAL 4

NATIONAL 4

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Reproduction and Inheritance

There are patterns of correlation between

predicted if it is known which forms of theof offspring inheriting certain traits can betraits observed in offspring. The probabilityalternative forms of the same gene and the

genes both parents have.

Reproduction and Inheritance

In sexual reproduction the inheritance of different types of

alleles of the same gene affects the traits observed in offspring.

Some alleles are dominant, while others are recessive and

remain masked unless the two inherited alleles are identical.

Technology and Genetics

Advances in technology make it possible to alter the

genetic makeup and create organisms by DNA

manipulation, rather than using the traditional method

of breeding species for particular characteristics.

Molecular Genetics

Alternative forms of the same gene

inherits two alleles for each gene, oneare known as alleles and an individual

from each parent.

Molecular Genetics

The majority of an organism's DNA

is located in the nucleus of an

organism's cells in a packaged form

called a chromosome. DNA is

unpackaged and the molecule

unwinds so that it can be

when its instructions are requiredreplicated during cell division and

for the production of proteins.

CfE links - SCN 4-14c

Reproduction and Inheritance

Many features of human heredity are explained by the fact that human cells

contain two copies of each chromosome (one inherited from each parent) and

therefore two copies of each gene. During cell division the paired chromosomes are duplicated and two new cells formed with paired chromosomes identical to

the original cell. When gamete cells (mature sexual reproductive cells, such as a

sperm or egg) are produced the replicated paired chromosomes are selected at

random, sorted into two single sets and each set allocated to a new gamete.

N A T I O N A L

N A T I O N A L

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Reproduction and Inheritance

During the production of the sex cells the

selection of chromosomes at random and on

occasion, chromosome mutations and

abnormalities, create genetic variation.

Molecular Genetics

Changes to genes (mutations) and the cell

environment (e.g. toxins) can alter the

by cells, and can change how an organismstructure and function of proteins produced

looks and functions (phenotype). Some

changes can be neutral, some beneficial

and others harmful to the organism.

Molecular Genetics

Proteins are the central elements that

to traits. Protein interactions at the molecularmediate genetic effects and connect genes

and cellular level result in the patterns

observed at the macro level. The overall structure and properties of the protein,

determined by the amino acid sequence,

affords and constrains its function.

Reproduction and Inheritance

be determined by one or many genes, and a single The inheritance of traits is often complex and can

gene can influence more than one trait.

Understanding the patterns of correlation between

inherited alleles makes it possible to: group

populations into distinct categories, predict traits

in offspring and trace heredity.

Technology and Genetics

Advances in technology develop and expand our

understanding of genetic phenomena and this

enhanced understanding often leads to further

technological advances and new technologies. The

developments and new technologies in genetics

have an impact on society requiring citizens to make

informed choices.

Molecular Genetics

Genes work by coding for proteins. The sequence

of nucleotides on the gene is translated into

the sequence of amino acids in the specific

protein encoded by the gene. Protein production

is regulated and a variety of proteins can be

produced from the same gene.

Molecular Genetics

The genome is the complete DNA sequence

a way to identify individuals and species, andthe same DNA. Variation in DNA can serve asmaking it possible for each cell to have exactlyproperty of DNA is that it can replicate itselfof the organism's nuclear DNA. An important

can provide information on evolutionary

relationships and origins.

Asexual reproduction - Glossary of terms

the formation of offspring from the cell(s) of a single

Allele - parent.

an alternative form of a gene.

Base pair -

two complementary DNA nucleotide bases from opposite strands

Biotechnology - (with the base pairs forming the rungs on the spiral ladder like structure).of the DNA molecule that pair up to produce the double helix structure

the industrial use of living cells, usually microorganisms,

or of their isolated enzymes

Chromosome -

a single piece of coiled DNA packaged into a large thread-

Cloning - pairs inherited from each parent).like structure that is found in cells. Humans have 46 chromosomes (

the growth of identical cells from a single cell or the development

Differentiation (differentiate) - of an animal or plant from a single body cell.

the increasing specialisation of organisation

DNA - unspecialised precursor cells.the development of cells with specialised structure and function fromof the different parts of an embryo as a multicellular organism develops;

deoxyribonucleic acid, the large molecule that carries genetic

Fertilisation (fertilised) - (chemical molecules): A - adenine, T - thymine, G - guanine and C – cytosine.strings (the double helix) of nucleotide subunits that contain the basesinformation as a set of coded instructions. It is made up of two entwined

the union of male and female gametes (e.g. sperm

Gamete (sex cell) - and egg cells) to form a cell with two sets of chromosomes.

a reproductive cell (e.g. sperm or egg cell) with one set

of chromosomes.

[Adapted from Principles and Big Ideas in Science edited by Wynne Harlen] cells to replace, swap or repair the 'normal' gene and potentially cure diseases.therapy studies specific genes can be delivered using special techniques intoselectively change genetic information to produce desired features. In genegive organisms certain characteristics can be identified and it is possible tokinds of organisms. When the sequences of genes are known, the genes thatthe genomes (the complete genetic information of an organism) of differentMore is being learned all the time about genetic information by mappingin a range of species including mammals.the production of genetically identical organisms through artificial cloninggenetic material unless a mutation occurs. Biotechnology has made possibleincluding bacteria, insects and plants, leads to populations with identicalAsexual reproduction, which occurs naturally in a wide range of organismsresult in organisms being better adapted to certain environmental conditions.variations provide the potential for natural selection, because some variationsdifferences that can be inherited from one generation to another. Theseresults in an immense variety of possible combinations of genes, and insequence of genes) when egg and sperm cells are formed and then fusein which DNA is exchanged between chromosomes that contain the samein each new cell. The sorting and recombining of genetic material (the processfertilised egg divides time and time again this genetic material is replicatedegg is from the sperm cell and one full set is from the egg cell. As theWhen a sperm and egg cell combine one full set of genes in the fertilisedof the two versions of each gene carried by the parent, selected at random.a female. Sperm and egg cells are specialised cells each of which has one In sexual reproduction, a sperm cell from a male unites with an egg cell from

Protein -

a large molecule composed of amino acids (molecules that contain

RNA - job in the cell and is specified by a gene.both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups) that performs a specialised

ribonucleic acid, the large linear molecule which is made up of a

Radiation - U - uracil, G - guanine and C - cytosine.single chain of nucleotide subunits that contain the bases: A - adenine,

energy radiated in waves or particles e.g. electromagnetic

Replication - radiation or emissions from radioactive sources.

the process in which an entity makes a copy of itself.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) -

occur when a pattern of two or more

Sex marker - identify genes, e.g. eye colour.2 to 50 base pairs. They are independent of genes and can not be used toto each other on the DNA molecule. The pattern can range in length fromnucleotides are repeated and the repeated sequences are directly adjacent

a portion of a gene that occurs on both the X and Y-

Sexual reproduction - chromosome that is used to identify gender.

reproduction involving the formation and fusion of

Species - two different types of reproductive cell (e.g. sperm and egg).

in sexually reproducing organisms a group of interbreeding

Trait - individuals not normally able to interbreed with other such groups.

a distinct visible or otherwise measurable physical or biochemical

or both.characteristic, which may be either heritable or environmentally determined

Gene -

the fundamental unit of inheritance. Genes are sequences of

Genetic code - and most contain information for making proteins.chemical units (bases) on the DNA molecule found at specific locations

the order of the chemical units (nucleotide bases) of the

Genome - (amino acids). There are 64 three-letter 'words' in the code.DNA molecule determines the order of the chemical units of the proteins

the complete genetic information of an organism found in nearly

Molecule - every type of cell.

made up of atoms held together by chemical bonds, a molecule

Mutation - chemical properties of that element or compound.is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the

a change in the amount or the structure (sequence of nucleotides)

Nucleus - effect.of DNA of an organism. Mutations can have a positive, negative or neutral

the area of the cell were almost all DNA is found. Its function

Nucleotide - is essential to the survival of the cell.

a small molecule that joins with other nucleotides to form

Nucleotide Base - nucleotide is composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a base.chains of nucleotides called nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA). Each

the structural unit of a nucleic acid that may be involved

Organism - thymine.(A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T), and in RNA uracil (U) replacesin pairing (see base pairs); the major nucleotide bases in DNA are adenine

any living thing.

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) -

technique for selectively replicating a

sequence.experimental environment) to produce a large amount of a particular DNAparticular section of DNA (in a laboratory vessel or other controlled

Curriculum Links, Skills and Interdisciplinary Learning Opportunities

Gathering information through observation and seeking patterns

Evaluating by identifying and matching

Understanding by describing

Communicating in the activities and through discussion

Matching living things and their offspring, for example through structured play with model representations or picture sorting from different species of plantsthe Scottish Sealife Centre webcams) or the growth of seeds from parent plants. Fingerprinting, matching and sorting seedsusing the differences between the offspring to distinguish them e.g. following a litter of animals from birth (for example usingactivities, and then observing the similarities and differences between them. Observing the early stages of development and

2

and animals with their offspring, and drawing portraits/taking photographs of humans and

- should progress from describing to sorting and selecting based on criteria.other animals and observing the similarities and differences. Activities at early level will be more experiential and as young people move into first level they

Gathering information through observation, seeking patterns and exploration

Evaluating by comparing and classifying

Understanding by selecting, describing and sorting based on criteria

Creating through making

Communicating through discussion and displaying findings

photographs of the growth process, from seed to plantmeasure the height of the pictures with blocks and colour in squares on graph paper to represent the number of blocks/height); displaying annotatedthe similarities and differences between them then using them to create graphs (e.g. attach the pictures to a wall from tallest to smallest to create a graph,attributes such as 'bigger' or 'smaller', 'more' or 'less', etc. Other activities could involve: the children producing a life size portrait of themselves, discussingClassifying the similarities and differences using the phrases 'is the same as' and 'is not the same as' as well as the symbols '=' or ' ' and describing measurabletree using pictures from famous families that go back a couple of generations (e.g. film stars and royalty), or produce then play a game of 'Happy Families'.same parents and with their parents (need to be cautious if children are comparing themselves with their parents and siblings), for example construct a familyIdentifying similarities and differences (e.g. height, flower or eye colour, no. of leaves and leaf shape, ability to roll tongue, etc) between offspring from the

2

; using computer graphing packages and producing simple tables of the similarities and differences

seed colour. Young people should be encouraged to verbalise what they are doing and did in the activities.e.g. eye and hair colour; and creating groups for classifying objects and communicating the justification for the choice of group clearly e.g. leaf shape or

2

http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/society/schools/keystage1-2/seeds-plant-growth.aspx

- Introducing ideas about Science

people learn about the world through careful observation

sometimes more can be learned by people doing something and noting what happens

similar patterns are found in many places in nature

it is important to describe things as accurately as possible because it enables people to compare their findings

one way to describe something is to say how it compares (is like/different) to something else

when people give different descriptions of the same thing, it is a good idea to make fresh observations and see what the similarities and differences are

people are more likely to believe ideas if there are reasons for them

often people can find out about a group of things by studying just a few of them

Learning Outcomes and Assesment Opportunities

Curriculum Links, Skills and Interdisciplinary Learning Opportunities

Gathering information through observation, asking questions and social interaction

Applying knowledge to different contexts

Evaluating by selecting and classifying

Understanding by selecting and explaining

Communicating through creating texts, discussion and displaying findings

has on growing seeds from the same plants; using activities (e.g. creating 'handy' family treesIdentifying and differentiating between inherited and environmental traits, for example: looking at the effect of the environment (dark, different soils, etc.)

3

with inherited physical characteristics on the fingers of one

to the rising level of obesity in the UK); and creating Reebopsin pregnancy can result in babies born with lower birth weights and smaller organs, and unhealthy eating as well as lack of physical activity is contributinginvestigating the traditions and characteristics of different ethnic groups; examining how lifestyle and diet can affect traits (e.g. smoking and malnutritionhandprint and environmental traits on the fingers of the other) to explore the traits of individuals and to find out the things that make them unique;

4

and writing about their characteristics (inherited and environmental). During these activities

there will be opportunities to look at chance and the probability of exhibiting certain traits (e.g. play traits games

3

and find out which traits are the most

common in the class and/or compare yourself with others using the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics database

5

or dominant [NB: Be careful when looking at inherited characteristics and comparing learners, especially with members of their families. Some traits considered either recessive

6

, such as tongue rolling and eye colour, are not as straight forward as they were formerly believed to be and are actually a combination of mechanisms,

therefore it is possible for two parents who can't roll their tongue to have a child who can and parents with blue eyes to have a brown eyed child.]

3

learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/activities/

4

www.ise5-14.org.uk/Prim3/New_Guidelines/Newsletters/46/Reebop_1.htm

and

http://cbe.wisc.edu/cbe_pubs/reebops.html

5

uniqueness.well.ox.ac.uk/language_set/introduction.php

6

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/activities/pdfs/Inherited%20Human%20Traits%20Quick%20Reference_Public.pdf

I can conduct simple experiments involving chance and communicate my predictions and findings using the vocabulary of probability.

MNU 2-22a

By applying my knowledge and understanding of current healthy eating advice I can contribute to a healthy eating plan.

HWB 2-30a

I understand that people at different life stages have differing nutritional needs and that some people may eat or avoid certain foods.

HWB 2-32a

By investigating the lifecycles of plants and animals, I can recognise the different stages of their development.

SCN 2-14a

for my audience. By considering the type of text I am creating, I can select ideas and relevant information, organise these in an appropriate way for my purpose and use suitable vocabulary

LIT 2-26a

C O N T I N U E D F R O M P A G E 4

Learning Outcomes and Assesment Opportunities

Question:

How do we, and other organisms, inherit traits from our parents?

Big Idea:

Heredity is the passage of genetic information from one generation to another. For offspring to inherit traits

opens up the potential to know more and more about individuals.is unique to an individual, with the exception of cloned (identical) organisms which share the same DNA. DNA analysisthe instructions for an organism to develop, grow, survive and reproduce. The sequence of nucleotides on the DNA moleculeDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction. This molecule containsthere must be a reliable mechanism for transferring genetic information from one generation to the next. A molecule called

T h i rd L e v e l

reproduced offspring are never identical to their parents. Many species, Genetic information is passed from one generation to another. Sexually

Molecular Genetics the fertilised egg.cell. This cluster of cells then differentiates to form an embryo in which each new cell continues to have the same genetic material - a replica of the DNA inFollowing fertilisation, cell division produces a small cluster of cells with the same genetic information copied in each newhave the same genetic information and are genetically identical.set is from the egg cell. If a fertilised egg (egg and sperm united) splits to form more than one individual then the offspringparents. When a sperm and egg unite one set of the genetic material in the fertilised egg is from the sperm cell and onefuse together to begin the development of a new individual. The new individual receives genetic information from bothof animals and plants, including humans reproduce sexually. Specialised cells from a female (egg cell/ova) and male (sperm) Reproduction and Inheritance

molecule. DNA provides the information required for cell function, cell growth and reproduction. The chemical andThe instructions for specifying the characteristics of an organism are carried in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

an individual, with the exception of cloned (identical) organisms (such as plants, Dolly the Sheep and identical twins) which share the same DNA.the information for producing the proteins that build and maintain an organism. The sequence of nucleotides on the DNA molecule is unique toA strand of DNA contains millions of these four nucleotide bases. It is the order, or sequence, of the nucleotide bases on the strand that providesDNA is a large polymer and the instructions for genetic inheritance are stored in a code made up of four building blocks called nucleotide bases.and replicated (by a templating mechanism).structural properties of DNA explain how the genetic information that underlies inheritance is both encoded (in a sequence of building blocks)

the molecule. DNA is extraordinary reliable at replicating.in a double helix (like a spiral ladder) that can separate and each separate strand of DNA can serve as a pattern for replicatingAn important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. DNA is made up of two strands joined together

It must replicate faithfully to ensure the continuation of the species,

genes and the chances of inheriting a defect are very low and most mutations have no consequences.200 mutations per generation, therefore offspring inherit around 400 mutations. However, only 1-2 % of DNA is involved inand female parent (in the egg). One set of genes contains 300 billion base pairs of DNA and during replication there are aroundbut make some mistakes to enable evolution. In sexual reproduction, organisms inherit DNA from both the male (in the sperm)

Molecular Genetics:

The instructions for specifying the

characteristics of an organism are

carried in a molecule called DNA

(deoxyribonucleric acid). All organisms

use the same genetic language for

their instructions.

SCN 3-14b

Technology and Genetics:

The uniqueness of the DNA structure makes it possible

for scientists to create a profile of an individual's

DNA and use it as a means of personal identification.

DNA analysis opens up the potential to know more

and more about individuals.

SCN 3-14b SCN 3-12b TCH 3-01a

SOC 3-15a LIT

3-08a

LIT 3-06a

MNU 2-22a

MNU 3-20a

SCN 3-20a

SCN 3-20b

SCN 3-20a

Reproduction and Inheritance:

For offspring to inherit traits there

must be a reliable mechanism for

transferring genetic information from

one generation to the next.

SCN 3-14a

SCN 3-14b I have extracted DNA and understand its function. I can express an informed view of the risks and benefits of DNA profiling. SCN 3-14a I understand the processes of fertilisation and embryonic development and can discuss possible risks to the embryo. I have explored the role of technology in monitoring health and improving the quality of life.

SCN 3-12b

SCN 3-20a I have collaborated with others to find and present information on how scientists from Scotland and beyond have contributed to innovative research and development.

ethical implications. Through research and discussion, I have contributed to evaluations of media items with regard to scientific content and

SCN 3-20b

probability, should be considered when making choices. I can find the probability of a simple event happening and explain why the consequences of the event, as well as its

MNU 3-22a

interpret what it conveys and discuss whether I believe the information to be robust, vague or misleading. I can work collaboratively, making appropriate use of technology, to source information presented in a range of ways,

MNU 3-20a

principles and technological developments. From my studies of technologies in the world around me, I can begin to understand the relationship between key scientific

TCH 3-01a

I can use my knowledge of current social, political or economic issues to interpret evidence and present an informed view.

SOC 3-15a

how to assess the value of my sources, and I can recognise persuasion. To help me develop an informed view, I am learning about the techniques used to influence opinion and

LIT 3-08a

effectively with my audience.information or ideas and any supporting detail in a logical order, and use suitable vocabulary to communicate I can independently select ideas and relevant information for different purposes, organise essential

LIT 3-06a

Big Ideas

&

Curriculum for Excellence Experiences

&

Outcomes

9

www.exploredna.co.uk/ and www.biology.ed.ac.uk/projects/GeneJury/learningzone_whoseDNA.html

10 http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Resources/fullbooklet.pdf

teach.genetics.utah.edu/content/heredity/html/recipe.html and www.societyofbiology.org/education/educational-resources/genetics/hgl

11

archive.planet-science.com/sciteach/index.html?page=/sciteach/debating/ and www.beep.ac.uk/content/15.0.html

12

www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/educators/classroom_and_homework_resources/resources/do_you_want_to_know_a_secret.aspx

13

extra.shu.ac.uk/cse/geneticfutures/dream.htm

Learning Outcomes and Assesment Opportunities

Curriculum Links, Skills and Interdisciplinary Learning Opportunities

Gathering information through asking questions, sourcing texts and social interaction

Applying knowledge to different contexts and developing vocabulary

Evaluating by selecting information, making informed judgements, appraising and prioritising

Understanding by summarising, prioritising and through discussion

Communicating through creating texts, discussion and displaying findings

Developing investigative and laboratory skills

Finding out about DNA

9

, extracting it and being aware of the genetic language by using coded

10

DNA to identify traits and select them at random to create

'organisms'. Exploring through debates

11

the ethical and moral issues surrounding the uniqueness of DNA and the information it can now reveal thanks to

by using sealed boxes (create personalised boxes/packaging in technology) to represent taking genetic testsadvances in technology. Making informed choices about how much information you want to know about you e.g. explore the issues surrounding genetic testing

12

. Predicting and discussing where the future may

lead

13

and the decisions that might have to be made.

Reproduction and Inheritance:

Hereditary information is contained in genes

which are passed from parent to offspring

during reproduction. SCN 4-14c

and is changing practices in medicine and molecular engineering. Enhanced knowledge and understanding inof the Human Genome Project and subsequent research is evolving our knowledge and understanding of genetics,amount and type of information that can be gathered and analysed. Genetics is a rapidly advancing field. The workthe genes of organisms as well as the organism, increasing the reliability of the information obtained and theconsidered most likely due to differences in their genes. Advances in technology have enabled researchers to studyin different households were also studied). Where characteristics differed more in the non-identical twins this washad been raised together in similar environments were studied (identical twins that happened to be growing upgenes and the effect of the environment on particular traits. For example, identical and non-identical twins that Before individual genes could be identified researchers studied organisms to determine the relative influences of

Common Misconceptions genetics is likely to have a substantial impact on the lives of individuals in future; particularly in relation to their medical care. Technology and Genetics

i. Students have difficulties understanding the relationship between chromosomes, DNA, genes and nucleotide

bases.

ii. The role of genes is often misconstrued as determining one trait in all its observed complexity rather than providing

the instructions for proteins whose functions and interactions result in the traits we see.

Reproduction and Inheritance:

genetic material is inherited from the egg During sexual reproduction one set of the

cell of one parent and one set from the sperm

cell of the other parent, whereas in asexual reproduction all the genetic information is

inherited from one parent. SCN 4-14b

and asexual reproduction and explain their importance for Through evaluation of a range of data, I can compare sexual

survival of species.

SCN 4-14b

understanding of DNA, genes and chromosomes.to solve simple genetic problems and relate this to my I can use my understanding of how characteristics are inherited

SCN 4-14c

life.how their current or future applications might impact on modern I have researched new developments in science and can explain

SCN 4-20a

decisions.to make predictions, risk assessment, informed choices andmany times I expect an event to occur, and use this information By applying my understanding of probability, I can determine how

MNU 4-22a

the impact of related technological changes.to assess their contribution in the world around me and explain I can compare traditional with contemporary production methods

TCH 4-01a

and economic impacts of a technological change in the past. I can present supported conclusions about the social, political

SOC

anydifferent purposes, organise essential information or ideas and I can independently select ideas and relevant information for 4-05a

supporting

detail

in

a

logical

order,

and

use

suitable

vocabulary

to communicate effectively with my audience.

LIT 4-06a

Big Ideas

&

Curriculum for Excellence Experiences

&

Outcomes

Molecular Genetics:

Genes are specific nucleotide sequences,

located along DNA molecules, that determine particular traits. Genes provide instructions for producing specific proteins. SCN 4-14c

Molecular Genetics:

The majority of an organism's DNA is located

in the nucleus of an organism's cells in a

unpackaged and the molecule unwinds so thatpackaged form called a chromosome. DNA is

it can be replicated during cell division and

when its instructions are required for the

production of proteins. SCN 4-14c

Technology and Genetics:

Before individual genes on DNA could be identified researchers studied organisms to assess

the reliability of the information obtained and the amount and type of information that canthe relative influences of genes and the environment. Advances in technology have increased

be gathered and analysed. SCN 4 -14c

SCN 4 - 20a

TCH 4 - 01a

MNU 4 - 22a

SOC 4 - 05a

HWB 4 - 15a

HWB 4 - 16a LIT 4 - 06a

14

http://teach.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/ReproductiveStrategies.pdf

15

www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=http://www.teachengineering.org/collection/duk_/activities/duk_genetics_mary_act/duk_genetics_mary_act.xml

and http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/biology/institutes/1997/makeface/teacinfo.htmland http://teach.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/findagene.pdf

Learning Outcomes and Assesment Opportunities

Curriculum Links, Skills and Interdisciplinary Learning Opportunities

Comparing reproductive strategies

14

and starting to explore how traits are passed from one generation to another

15