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Research Methods: Intuition vs. Scientific Attitude and Methods, Slides of Introduction to Psychology

Aliah UniversityIntroduction to Psychology

An insightful lecture on research methods, focusing on the differences between intuition and the scientific attitude. It covers topics such as observer expectancy effects, heuristics, biases, and the scientific method. The lecture emphasizes the importance of curiosity, skepticism, and humility in scientific research.

Typology: Slides

2011/2012

Uploaded on 12/22/2012

radhakrishna
radhakrishna 🇮🇳

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Lecture 2:
Research Methods
Intuition
“I know there’s no evidence that shows the
death penalty has a deterrent effect, but I just
feel in my gut it must be true.”
G.W. Bush
Self-Help books
Clever Hans Example Lessons from Clever Hans
Observer (or experimenter) expectancy
effects
Our expectations of others’ behavior can affect
their actual behavior!!
This can occur unconsciously
We tend to place too much value in our
intuition
Heuristics
Biases
Docsity.com
pf3
pf4
pf5

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Download Research Methods: Intuition vs. Scientific Attitude and Methods and more Slides Introduction to Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Lecture 2:

Research Methods

Intuition

 “I know there’s no evidence that shows the

death penalty has a deterrent effect, but I just

feel in my gut it must be true.”

G.W. Bush

 Self-Help books

Clever Hans Example Lessons from Clever Hans

 Observer (or experimenter) expectancy

effects

 Our expectations of others’ behavior can affect

their actual behavior!!

 This can occur unconsciously

 We tend to place too much value in our

intuition

 Heuristics

 Biases

 Heuristics

 Mental strategies for making quick judgments and

decisions

 “Rules of thumb”

Problems with intuition Problems with intuition

 Biases

 Confirmation Bias

 “Seek and you will find”

 Hindsight bias

 “I knew it all along”

 Overconfidence

 “I’m awesome!”

Scientific Attitude

 Curiosity

 Does it work?

 Skepticism

 What do you mean? or How do you know?

 Humility

 Sometimes we are wrong!

 Fundamental to science and critical thinking

Scientific Method

1. Observing some phenomenon

2. Formulating hypotheses and predictions

3. Testing through empirical research

4. Drawing conclusions

5. Evaluating conclusions

  1. Evaluating Conclusions

What are the Goals of Psychology?

Control

Explanation

Description

Prediction

Study Design

 Descriptive Study

 Correlational Study

 Experiment

Study Example:

Sleep and Academic Performance

 Sleep

 When?

 Where?

 How much?

 How often?

 Etc.

 3 Types of Descriptive Studies

Descriptive Studies

  1. The Case Study

 Describes one special case in depth

  1. Observation

 Observes & records behaviors

Descriptive Studies

  1. The Survey (polls)

 Describes many people at once

 Considerations

 Random Sampling

 Wording

 Revenue enhancers vs. increase

taxes

 Aid to the needy vs. welfare

 Desirability

 Are you generous?

Study Design

 Descriptive Study

 Correlational Study

 Experiment

GOALS

Control (Causes?)

Prediction (When?)

Explanation (Why?)

Description (What?)

Correlational Study

 Examines how variables are naturally related

 Describes relationship between 2 variables

 Makes predictions about 1 variable from the other

Correlational Studies

NO!!!

Correlation does not

imply causation

• Causal direction of relationship

unknown

• Third variable problem

Third Variable Problem:

An example

r = +

Number of

Drownings

Ice Cream Sales

Correlational studies allow

us to make predictions, not

determine causation!