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Research Methods Midterm Notes, Exams of Nursing

State University of New York - New Paltz Nursing

Notes on research methods for PSYC 550 midterm. It covers topics such as applied vs basic research, characteristics of applied behavioral research, types of empirical inquiry, qualitative vs quantitative data, ethnography, observational interviews, coding, SPSS, cross-tabulation, research designs, and threats to validity.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 10/01/2023

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PSYC 550: Research Methods Midterm

Define applied research - correct answer the practical application of

science to government, business, or client-driven purposes.

give examples of applied vs basic research - correct answer academic

research = curiosity. what makes people loyal? what makes people

consume more?

applied research = probem-solving. our customers aren't not loyal,

how can we keep them? customers don't really understand the

benefits of our technology. how should we market it to them?

list the characteristics of applied behavioral research - correct answer

- *external observation*

- *theories and language* associated with a field of study

- behavior *not governed by strict laws*

- scientific study has an *element of creativity*

- *limits* to scientific knowledge

describe three types of empirical inquiry - correct answer

*descriptive*

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Define applied research - correct answer the practical application of science to government, business, or client-driven purposes. give examples of applied vs basic research - correct answer academic research = curiosity. what makes people loyal? what makes people consume more? applied research = probem-solving. our customers aren't not loyal, how can we keep them? customers don't really understand the benefits of our technology. how should we market it to them? list the characteristics of applied behavioral research - correct answer

external observation
theories and language associated with a field of study
behavior not governed by strict laws
scientific study has an element of creativity
limits to scientific knowledge describe three types of empirical inquiry - correct answer descriptive

describes problem
quant and qual relational
relationship between variables
lacks causality
quantitative only experimental
vary independent variable to manipulate the experiment
establishes causality list the characteristics of a good applied researcher (9 things) - correct answer - enthusiasm
open-mindedness
common sense

employee engagement
talent development list the steps in the research process - correct answer 1. identify problem/area of study

gather info about nature of problem
create research objective
formulate hypothesis
design the research study
collect data
analyze and interpret data
report data
receive feedback on data, the interpretation, and report

compare and contrast the four differences between qualitative and quantitative data (add more to definition) - correct answer nature of the data

qual: richly detailed and nuances
quant: responses turned into numeric scores contextualism
qual: takes into account contextual factors like culture and institutions
quant: decontextualized; generalizes across contexts naturalism
qual: Research conducted in natural environment; no manipulation
quant: research conducted in lab/artificial setting; variables controlled/manipulated role of the researcher
qual: researcher is primary data collection instrument; interpersonal skills are important
quant: researcher removed from data collection; impact from researcher is minimized; instrument is standardized

neo-positivism states that there are new approaches to the scientific method
seeks validity through replication and substantiation
rational explanations, causal, and relational
quant is always neo-positivistic non-neopositivism
seeks to understand a specific situation
not rational, causal, or relational
doesn't seek generalizability
doesn't seek universal understanding
concerned with understanding
might focus on marginalized groups describe how to prepare for a depth interview - correct answer - familiarize yourself with the topic before going into field (e.g. lit review)
distance yourself from topic
have recorder ready
take notes during interview

describe how to recruit informants - correct answer - think of who to interview

think of where to interview
may need to screen respondents (dem, usage, attitudes)
no convenience samples describe how to conduct a depth interview - correct answer - *neutral *place
memorize discussion guide
have guide in front of you
permission to be interviewed/recorded
appear ignorant
informant-focused

groupthink (watch out for this), big personalities, silence can be issue
non representative
results can be difficult to interpret
expensive describe the five elements of ethnography in practice - correct answer
focus: reveals desires, attitudes, behaviors
immersion/time: 8 week period or so
context: how people express themselves/react
methods: little methodological explication
results: powerpoint/videography
Netnography: social insights from digital platform list the elements of observational interviews - correct answer - naturalistic setting
observe and ask questions

didactic interview between researcher and informant
trust = important
same guidelines as depth interview
can include multiple researchers
can be disguised describe alternative observational methods - correct answer - online
archival/texts
physical traces
"Garbology" (sift through people's garbage) describe the six different classes of data collection aids - correct answer 1. written notes

audio recording

review of literature/hypotheses may dictate new codes or grouping of codes
look for variation of codes among different groups in your data
look for discrepancies between what people say and what people do
look for higher order relationships among codes --- distinct elements of same phenomena, process elements (step, stages, phases), and explanatory elements that promote understanding
logically ordered codes and nets
diagram if complex or multifaceted list the elements of managerially actionable qualitative research - correct answer managerial accountability is based on:
contextualized data
analysis of metaphors
contradictions in pov
eureka moments

discrepancies in what people say vs what people do
bring in academic theory list the elements of a successful qualitative report - correct answer - tell a story
make it actionable
keep it short
use charts and graphs
use direct quotes
make good use of visuals
show emotions of your response
revise personas
make it sharable describe the elements of quality in qualitative research - correct answer - Congruence with data
Applicability of data to interpretation
Sufficiency of observations and sampling
Trustworthiness includes admitting bias and problems with data collection

bought by IBM in 2010 State the importance of recoding variables - correct answer - useful for creating new variables for existing variables (especially when creating new categories) what is cross-tabulation and how does it relate to frequencies? - correct answer - Crosstabulation is a tool that allows you to compare the relationship between two variables
"crosstabs"* is a procedure that cross-tabulates two variables, thus displaying the relationship in tabular form (arranged in a table with rows and columns)
Crosstabs generates information about bivariate relationships
In contrast to frequencies, which summarizes information about one variable demonstrate how to interpret a cross-tab table (a very important skill)
correct answer - e.g. xx% of men do grocery shopping yy%-zz% of the time

to easily read percentages, percentage the columns
applied psychologists want ecological validity (how generalizable is it to real-life situations)
get a different perception of the table depending on how you percentage it (e.g. by row vs by column)
Column: IV, Row: DV
can draw conclusions based on sample articulate what research designs are - correct answer plan for the research that includes the type of research, data collection method, and the analysis method
based upon research problem and objective describe how exploratory research informs the researcher - correct answer discussions with your client in order to get more context about research problem

different cross-section taken with each measurement
sample surveys --- taking a representative sample of a particular research population
"convenience samples" - not systematically sampling research population --- ad hoc surveys, tracking studies, syndicated studies list the implications of causal research - correct answer experimentation
manipulating IV and measuring it's effects on DV or "outcome variable" must establish causation
temporal precedence: IV before DV
statistical relationship between IV and DV experimental design notation
DV = O (observation)

IV = x (intervention/placebo)
random assignment = R
experimental effect = E (pretest minus post-test) experimental group = (R) O1 x O2 [x = intervention] control group = (R) O3 x O4 [x = placebo] control extraneous variables
control for confounding variables so they won't influence outcome research objective --> research designs
true experiments: IV manipulated (includes x)
natural/quasi experiments: IV observed, not manipulated (no x)
field experiment: done in field; difficult to control for extraneous influences compare and contrast the 2 types of research designs - correct answer Research objective --> research design

Research Methods Midterm Notes, Exams of Nursing

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