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RESEARCH METHODS, STATISTICS, AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
Overview This section demystifies the world of research and statistics, transforming concepts that many learners find intimidating into practical tools for academic success, professional growth, and evidence-based decision-making. Readers are guided through the foundations of scientific inquiry, including problem identification, literature review, formulation of research questions and objectives, hypothesis development, data collection, measurement scales, research ethics, and the interpretation of findings. The section also provides a clear and engaging introduction to descriptive and inferential statistics, covering measures of central tendency, variability, probability, data presentation, and statistical reasoning in real-world contexts. Emphasizing the importance of evidence-based practice, it demonstrates how research drives innovation, improves healthcare outcomes, informs policy, and strengthens professional competence. Whether you are a student, researcher, healthcare professional, or lifelong learner, this section equips you with the knowledge and confidence to understand, conduct, evaluate, and apply research effectively in academic, clinical, and professional settings. Through practical examples and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will discover how research and statistics serve as powerful tools for solving problems, generating knowledge, and making informed decisions in an increasingly data-driven world. ___________ is the difference between upper class limit and lower class limit? A. Class interval B. Class width C. Class mark D. All of the Above ANSWER: C All the following are measures of central tendency, EXCEPT A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Variance ANSWER: D A measure of central tendency which is calculated by numbers arranging in numerical order is A. Median B. Mode C. Standard deviation D. Range ANSWER: A The mean, median and mode of the given values 42,42,42,42,42,42 are
A. Mean = 42, median =44, mode = B. 44 C. The same value D. O ANSWER: C The square root of the mean of the square deviation about means is known as: A. The variance B. Standard deviation C. Central value D. The average value ANSWER: B If we have value of X1 = 80, X2 = 90, X3 =100, X4 =110, X5 =120, the mean of the data is A. 100 B. 0 C. 90 D. 120 ANSWER: A The sum of the absolute deviation about means is always A. Positive B. Negative C. Zero and negative both at a time D. Zero ANSWER: A Which of the measures of variability of NOT dependent on the exact values of every measurement? A. Mean deviation B. Variance C. Range D. Standard deviation ANSWER: C A measure of dispersion of a set of observations in which it is calculated by the difference between the highest and lowest values produced is called A. Standard deviation B. Variance C. Range D. Mode ANSWER: C A statistic which describes the interval of scores bounded by 25th and 75th percentile rank is
ANSWER: A
The probability of event equal to zero is called A. Unsure event B. Sure event C. Impossible event D. Independent event ANSWER: C The probability that cannot exist among the following is A. 2/ B. 1. C. 15% D. 0. ANSWER: B If P (E) = 0.07, then what is the probability of not E A. 0. B. 0. C. 0. D. 0. ANSWER: A A bag has 3 red capsules and 5 green capsules. If we take a capsule from the bag, then what is the probability of getting red capsule only? A. 3 B. 8 C. 3/ D. 8/ ANSWER: C A dice is thrown in the air, the probability of getting an odd number is A. B. 3/ C. 3 D. 4 ANSWER: A If we throw two coins in the air, then the probability of getting both tails will be A. B. C. 2 D. 4
ANSWER: B
If two dice is thrown in the air, the probability of getting sum as 3 will be A. 2/ B. 3 / 18 C. 1 / 18 D. 1 / 36 ANSWER: C If an event cannot occur, then its probability is A. 1 B. C. D. 0 ANSWER: D
Find the mean age of 10 students of set 1 midwifes: 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 31, 33, 35, 37 and 39 A. 29. 2 B. 29. 5 C. 31. 3 D. 38. 9 ANSWER: B Mean is also known as: A. Average value of set of data B. Average quantity C. Middle value of numbers D. None of the above ANSWER: A One of these option is a correct real life application of central tendency A. Farm B. Aviation C. Useful in health care system to present biodata of patient D. None of the above ANSWER: C Calculate the arithmetic mean of a set of data that have total observation of 20 and sum of 217 is A. 10. B. 10. C. 10. D. 10. ANSWER: B What is mean value of age of the following neonate weight in kilogramme. 1.3, 1.6, 2.4, 2.4, 4.0, 3. and 4. A. 2.5kg B. 2.8kg C. 2.9kg D. 3.5kg ANSWER: B Grouped data means A. A raw set of data given in the form of interval or without interval B. Raw set of data (information) given in the form of class interval C. Any result of measurement of data (information) given for analysis D. Analysis data given
ANSWER: B
Which of these options of data can be considered to be grouped A. Group of data arranged with or without class interval B. Data arrange in ascending order C. Data arrange in descending order D. Ordered data ANSWER: A What is the median value of the following set of data 4, 3, 5, 2, 6 when arranged in descending order A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2 ANSWER: B If the total sum of observation is an even number, then add up the two data appeared at centre when arranged in ascending or descending order and divide its by 2 to determine median values. A. True B. False C. Neither True or false D. Either true of False ANSWER: A
ANSWER: B
Mode refers to the value within a series that occurs___________ number times A. Maximum B. Minimum C. Zero D. Infinite ANSWER: A ___________ is not a measure of central tendency A. Mode B. Mean C. Range D. Median ANSWER: C Which measure of central tendency includes the magnitude of scores? A. Mean B. Mode C. Median D. Range ANSWER: A While comporting the arithmetic mean of a frequency distribution, each value of a class is considered equal to A. Class mark B. Lower limit C. Upper limit D. Lower class boundary ANSWER: B The range is the difference between the highest score and the _______ A. Lowest B. Best C. Greatest D. Average ANSWER: A
__________ describes how far apart scores are spread in a distribution A. Central tendency B. Average C. Grappling D. Variability ANSWER: D What is the symbol for population variance A. N B. 02 C. S D. SSx ANSWER: B Standard deviation is always the _____________ of variance A. Square B. Roots C. Sample D. Square root ANSWER: D Which one is true example of primary data from the following options? A. Journal B. Book C. Census report D. Newspaper ANSWER: C Two types of research data include A. Recognition and unrecognized data B. Structured and unstructured data C. Qualitative and quantitative data D. Organized and processed data ANSWER: C What is it called when the data is sourced from the place of origin A. Secondary B. Primary C. Secondary and primary D. All of the above ANSWER: B
Misinterpretation and misunderstanding can be avoided by _________ A. Personal interaction B. Mailing C. Telephone D. Questionnaire ANSWER: A The use of _________ saves time and cost A. Secondary data B. Primary data C. Data survey D. Information ANSWER: A Once the question is ready, it is advisable to conduct a try-out with a small group which is which as ___ A. Population B. Sampling C. Random sampling D. Non-random sampling ANSWER: C Data collection from an archive or the records of an organization is called_________ A. Internal data B. Secondary data C. External data D. Primary data ANSWER: B The method of collection of data of the population of a country is an example of A. Sample method B. Census method C. Both of them D. None of them ANSWER: B Qualitative data is __________ A. Every major and minor details of a subject B. Numerical and percentile information of a subject C. Description information of a subject D. None of the above ANSWER: A Gender, age, class, religion, type of diseases and blood group are measured on
A. Nominal scale of measurement B. Ordinal scale of measurement C. Interval scale of measurement D. Ratio scale of measurement ANSWER: A Which scale of measurement has an absolute zero A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio ANSWER: D Which of the following scale of measurement is appropriate to measure the weight of the patient A. Ordinal scale B. Nominal scale C. Ratio scale D. Interval scale ANSWER: C ___________ scale is the highest level of measurement scales A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio ANSWER: B Determine which of the four levels of scale of measurement is the most appropriate. Your age A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ration ANSWER: B Determine which of the four level of scale of measurement is the most appropriate. Calendar year A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio ANSWER: C The temperature of a patient falls under which of the scale of measurement A. Nominal
B. Primary data C. Secondary data D. Qualitative data ANSWER: C Given class unit 60 70 for this group data, what are the lower class limit A. 60 B. 70 C. 75 D. None ANSWER: A Given class unit 60 70 for this group data, what is the upper class limits A. 70 B. 60 C. 65 D. 75 ANSWER: A Given class unit 60 70 for this group data, what is the class mark, A. 70 B. 60 C. 65 D. 75 ANSWER: D Given class unit 60 70 for this group data, what is the class width A. 70 B. 60 C. 10 D. 15 ANSWER: C Presentation of data inform of table is called A. Tabulation B. Graph C. Categorization D. None of These ANSWER: A
Quantitative values that has only fixed or finite value are called A. Quantitative variables B. Discrete variables C. Absolute variables D. Continuous variable ANSWER: B One of the following is a characteristic of research ____________ A. Research B. Systematic inquiry C. Intuition D. None of the above ANSWER: B Research is primarily concerned with _________ A. Creating a problem B. Running away from problems C. Solving problems D. All of the above ANSWER: C Research involves ___________ A. Only qualitative methods B. Only quantitative methods C. Neither qualitative nor quantitative methods D. Both qualitative and quantitative methods ANSWER: D
Which of the following is a characteristic of a well defined research problem_____ A. It is too broad B. It is specific and feasible C. It is vague and unclear D. All of the above ANSWER: B What is the primary purpose of a literature review____ A. To present original research findings B. To summarize and synthesize existing research C. To critique a single research study D. To propose a new research methodology ANSWER: B Which of the following is a benefit of conducting a literature review____ A. It helps researchers to identify research gaps B. It provides a comprehensive overview of the existing research on a topic C. It helps researchers to evaluate the credibility of sources D. All of the above ANSWER: D What is the primary purpose of a research question______ A. To provide a detailed literature review B. To outline the research methodology C. To guide the research investigation D. To present the research findings ANSWER: C Which of the following is a characteristic of a good research question____ A. It is specific and focused B. It is too broad C. It is vague and unclear D. It is too narrow ANSWER: A
What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis_____ A. A research question is a question, while a hypothesis is a statement B. A research question is a statement while a hypothesis is a question C. A research question is broad while a hypothesis is specific D. A research question is specific while a hypothesis is broad ANSWER: A Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-crafted research question_____ A. It is too complex B. It is clear and concise C. It is too simple D. It is vague and unclear ANSWER: B Which of the following is a characteristic of a good literature review ____ A. It only includes studies published in the last year B. It only includes studies conducted by experts in the field C. It provides a comprehensive overview of the existing research D. None of the above ANSWER: C What is the purpose of evaluating sources of knowledge in research______ A. To identify primary sources B. To identify secondary sources C. To summarize research findings D. To assess the credibility and validity of sources ANSWER: D Which of the following is a criterion for evaluating sources of knowledge in research______ A. Authority B. Relevance C. Objectivity D. All of the above ANSWER: D What is the importance of documenting sources of knowledge in research_____ A. To avoid plagiarism B. To provide evidence for research findings C. To show the validity of research methods D. All of the above ANSWER: D
