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Chapter 2 Review Related Literature This chapter presents how banana peel and its benefits can be used as an alternative antibacterial soap and its benefits. It also includes the review of related literature and studies which are related to the subject under study, the synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies, and conceptual framework. The literature and studies will serve as a back-up of additional information from the viewpoint of similarities and differences relevant to the present study. Banana is the common name for a fruit and also the herbaceous plants of the genus Musa which produce the commonly eaten fruit. They are native to the tropical region of Southeast Asia and Australia. Today, they are cultivated throughout the tropics. Banana plants are of the family Musaceae. They are cultivated primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent for the production of fiber and as ornamental plants. As the bananas are mainly tall, upright, and fairly sturdy, they are often mistaken for trees, when the truth is the main or upright stem is called a pseudostem, literally meaning "fake stem", which for some species can obtain a height of up to 2–8 m, with leaves of up to 3.5 m in length. Each pseudostem would produce a bunch of yellow, green, or even red bananas before dying and being replaced by another pseudostem. Banana leaves are widely used as plates and for lining cooking pits and for wrapping food for cooking or storage. A section of the leaf often serves as an eye- shade. In Latin America, it is a common practice during rains to hold a banana leaf by the petiole, upside-down, over one's back as an "umbrella" or "raincoat". The leaves of the 'Fehi' banana are used for thatching, packing, and as cigarette wrappers. 6
Faylon (2006) revealed that Banana is the most economically important fruit crop in the Philippines and only locally grown fruit available year round. Bananas are grown in diverse environments in the country, from the lowlands, flat and slopping uplands to the marginal hilly lands. Latundan, lakatan, and Saba are mostly grown in the backyard or as a component in an intercropping skim with minimum care and management. Fresh cardava banana is very popular in the market. However, supply does not always meet this high demand especially in Luzon and sometimes supply comes from Mindanao. These bananas are more affordable because of their better quality. Hence, cardava produced in Luzon provinces can very competitive, with market opportunities available in the growers own public market and in the huge Metro Manila markets. Fruits can be harvested 8-12 months after planting. Suckers are allowed to grow for the next fruiting cycle and repeated for another cycle as long as the plants are healthy. Jacob E. Safra (2010) stated that there are hundreds of varieties of banana in cultivation; confusion exists because of diverse names applying to one and the same variety in different parts of the world. Perhaps the most important species is the common banana, M. sapientum; this type has several varieties, the most widely consumed of which is the Gros Michel. Consumption of the banana is mentioned in early Greek, Latin, and Arab writings. Incorporated, Total Cleaning Solutions (2015) revealed that the common banana, by weight, is up to 20 percent carbohydrates and most of the rest is water. Bananas are a good source of potassium and of dietary fiber. They also contain vitamins B6 and C, small amounts of protein, and a trace of fat. A single banana provides about 100 calories.
Related Studies Siddique, Nawaz, Muhammad, Akhtar, & Aslam (2017) stated that aqueous absolute and 80% ethanolic extract of fruit peels of Musa sapientum and Carica papaya were investigated for their antibacterial activity, measured by disc diffusion method and antioxidant activity, measured by four different methods. Papaya and banana peels were found to contain terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins steroid, phenols, fixed oils and fats. 80% ethanolic extract of banana peel was found to contain highest total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity but in papaya peel, highest TPC and reducing activity was shown by water extract while, TFC and radical scavenging activity was given by 80% ethanolic extract. In banana, water extract showed highest antibacterial activity against tested bacteria while in case of papaya, absolute ethanolic extract showed highest antibacterial activity. The present study revealed that peels of banana and papaya fruits are potentially good source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents. Ehiowemwenguan, Emoghene, & Inetianbor (2014) revealed that the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of banana (Musa sapientum) peels was investigated on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using agar well diffusion technique. The ethanolic extract of the peels had MIC values ranging from 16mg/ml to 512.5mg/ml. The least MIC was 16mg/ml against Salmonella typhi while Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest MIC of 512. mg/ml. In the aqueous extract the MIC ranged between 512.5mg/ml to >1025mg/ml. Salmonella typhi, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus were not inhibited by the water extract. Phytochemical result showed ethanol to be a better solvent for the extraction of the bioactive agents in banana peels which include: glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and volatile oil.
Guide (2016) stated that a study done in the Department of Pharmacology, University of Durban, South Africa, investigated the effects of methalonic extract of green banana fruits in streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. The study showed that the methalonic extract of green banana has the ability to reduce the blood sugar concentrations in diabetic mice (P<0.01 – 0.001). This study suggests that methanolic extract of green banana possess hypogylcemic activity, and thus lends credence to the folkloric health benefits of banana as used in the management and control of adult onset, type-2 diabetic mellitus among the people in South Western Nigeria. Anonymous (2013) stated the effects of unripe Musa sapientum peel on the healing of surgical wounds in rats. One hundred and twenty Wistar rats were divided into two treatment groups of 60 animals each: the control group (gel without the active ingredient) and experimental group (4% Musa sapientum peel gel). A 4 x 4 cm surgical wound was created on the back of each animal. The wound was cleaned daily with 0.9% saline, treated with 4% gel or natrosol gel (control), and covered with gauze. Animals from both groups were sacrificed after seven, 14 and 21 days of treatment; the tissue from the wound site was removed together with a margin of normal skin for histological analysis. No significant differences in wound contraction rates (p=0.982) were found between time points (seven, 14 and 21 days of treatment) in both groups. However, a significantly higher wound contraction rate was observed in the control group on day 21 compared with the experimental group (p=0.029). There were no significant differences in histomorphological features between groups. The experimental group showed an increased number of polymorphonuclear cells on day 7, with a significant reduction on day 21 (p=0.026). The use of 4% unripe Musa sapientum peel gel on surgical wounds in rats resulted in an increased number of
test the other parameters inside a lab, so the researcher asked the permission of 3 subjects and 20 respondents to answer an evaluation sheet, another sheet for the subjects and another for the respondents, that contains the different parameters and the legends for a basis to their answers. The research design that was used for this study was RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design). The researcher used F-test and T-test for the data from both subjects and respondents. There were no significant difference between the experimental product and the control group in terms of dryness, bulging and reddishness of the pimple. But in terms of Texture, Fragrance and Appearance, the results uncovered that there was a significant difference between the experimental product and the control group. The results from the lab for antibacterial activity showed that the extracts from mango peelings have 85% effectiveness using 95% concentration from the extracts. With that, the researcher used ANOVA to determine the significance difference between the experimental product and the control group in terms of antibacterial effectivity. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental product and the control; therefore the experimental can be a substitute for the control group in terms of antibacterial activity. Synthesis of the review of related literature This study is unique and has its own identity. But somehow there are similarities and differences. This study is somehow similar to the study of Daniel (2017) entitled “Extracts from Mango (Magnifera indica) as a pimple and acne remedy liquid soap” which aimed to identify the effect of the antibacterial activity from the antioxidants of mango peelings extracts as a pimple and acne remedy liquid soap. First problem from the research was to find out how the liquid soap will cure pimples and acnes in terms of; one, the dryness of the pimple and acne; second, the
bulging of the pimple and acne; lastly the reddishness of the pimple and acne. Second problem was to find out if there were any allergic reactions when using the soap. Last problem aimed to answer the significant difference between the experimental product and the control product in terms of; first, Antibacterial activity; second, Fragrance; third, Texture; lastly, Appearance. The researcher used Antibacterial Analysis and Checklist as the instrument or tool in finding the answers for the mentioned problems and parameters. While the present study, is concerned with the feasibility of the banana peelings as the alternative source for making anti-bacterial soap. The present study is also somewat related to the study of Siddique, Nawaz, Muhammad, Akhtar, & Aslam (2017) and Ehiowemwenguan, Emoghene, & Inetianbor (2014) which investigated the vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of banana (Musa sapientum) peels on both gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria using agar well diffusion technique. The ethanolic extract of the peels had MIC values ranging from 16mg/ml to 512.5mg/ml. The least MIC was 16mg/ml against Salmonella typhi while Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest MIC of 512.5 mg/ml. In the aqueous extract the MIC ranged between 512.5mg/ml to >1025mg/ml. Salmonella typhi, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus were not inhibited by the water extract. Phytochemical result showed ethanol to be a better solvent for the extraction of the bioactive agents in banana peels which include: glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and volatile oil.
