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Final Exam: NUR2063/ NUR 2063 (New
2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology |
Complete Guide with Questions and Verified
Answers| All Modules | 100% Correct| A
Grade - Rasmussen
QUESTION
What condition leads to a barrel chest? Answer: emphysema
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What allows pneumonia to develop? Answer: inflammation in the lung parenchyma
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Extrinsic asthma Answer: the immune system responds to the presence of allergens (e.g., pollen, mold) by causing bronchoconstriction
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What is acute respiratory failure? Answer: life-threatening inability of the lungs to maintain adequate oxygenation
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What are the expected findings of acute respiratory failure? Answer: hypercapnia and hypoxemia
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Answer: rapidly developing respiratory failure
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What is a common finding in ARDS? Answer: Severe hypoxemia
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What are some clinical manifestations of ARDS? Answer: hypoxemia and hypercapnia
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What causes ARDS? Answer: changes to alveoli diameter, injury to the pulmonary circulation or injury to alveoli
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Acute respiratory failure results in what pH imbalance? Answer: Respiratory acidosis
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What is a common finding in all forms of heart failure? Answer: Decreased cardiac output
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What organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension? Answer: Heart and kidneys
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Where do cardiac electrical impulses originate? Answer: Sinoatrial (SA) node
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Where is the SA node located? Answer: High in the right atrium
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What is the typical rate of the SA node? Answer: 60 - 100 bpm
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Bradycardia Answer: heart rate less than 60
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Tachycardia Answer: heart rate more than 100
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What is cardiac output? Answer: the amount of blood pumped in 1 minute
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What is the typical manifestation of decreased cardiac output? Answer: fluid accumulation
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Infective endocarditis Answer: infection of endocardium or heart valves, formerly called bacterial endocarditis
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Myocarditis Answer: uncommon and poorly understood inflammation of myocardium
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Cardiac tamponade Answer: life-threatening cardiac compression from fluid accumulation that impedes on the stretching and filling of the heart during diastole
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What are the hallmark features of cardiac tamponade? Answer: hypotension, jugular vein distention (JVD), muffled heart sounds
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Constrictive pericarditis Answer:
chronic inflammation can lead to the pericardium becoming thick and fibrous with loss of elasticity resulting in the pericardium adhering to the heart
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Heart Failure Answer: heart is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs
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What are common symptoms in CHF? Answer: gradual increasing of dyspnea, anxiety, edema of the feet and ankles, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (awakening intermittently with shortness of breath)
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Left-sided failure Answer: cardiac output falls; blood backs up to pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and activity intolerance
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What are manifestations of left-sided heart failure? Answer: Frothy sputum, crackles auscultated in the lungs, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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Right-sided failure
Who is Bronchiolitis most common in? Answer: More frequently in children younger than 1 year
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Manifestations of Bronchiolitis? Answer: nasal congestion, cough, wheezing, rapid (tachypnea) and shallow respirations, chest retraction, dyspnea, fever, tachycardia, and malaise
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Epiglottitis Answer: life-threatening inflammation of the epiglottis
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Typical signs and symptoms of epiglottitis Answer: sudden fever, sore throat, and drooling saliva
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Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) Answer: larynx and surrounding area swell, leading to airway narrowing, obstruction, and respiratory failure
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Signs and symptoms of croup? Answer: nasal congestion, barking cough, hoarse voice, inspiratory stridor
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What are some risk factors for respiratory disorders? Answer: smoking, asthma and bedrest
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Orthopnea Answer: difficulty breathing when lying down
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What does gas exchange in the alveoli require? Answer: adequate ventilation of air and perfusion of blood flow
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What is ventilation? Answer: the process of moving air into the lungs with subsequent distribution of the alveoli
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What is the waste product of cellular metabolism? Answer: Carbon dioxide
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Elimination of what substance by the lungs plays a role in maintaining acid-base balance? Answer: Carbonic acid
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) Answer: a life-threatening condition that affects cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, and digestive secretions resulting in severe lung damage and nutrition deficits. Secretions become thick and tenacious
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What is associated with CF? Answer: Excessive mucus secretion
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Thick and tenacious secretions indicate what disease? Answer:
Cystic fibrosis
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Bronchitis Answer: inflammation of the trachea and bronchi and is often associated with a viral infection
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Manifestations of bronchitis? Answer: Productive cough and excessive mucus production
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What is associated with acute bronchitis? Answer: Increased mucus production
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Chronic bronchitis Answer: characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, a productive cough, and excessive mucus production
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Presentation of chronic bronchitis in patients with a history of smoking?
Answer: type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
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What type of angina is characterized by chest pain with exertion Answer: stable angina
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How long does stable angina last? Answer: a short time (5 minutes or less)
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How is angina relieved? Answer: with rest or angina medication
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What type of angina is characterized by chest pain even at rest? Answer: Unstable angina
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How does unstable angina differ from stable angina?
Answer: it not relieved with periods of rest
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What type of angina is usually more severe and may last for 30 minutes or longer? Answer: Unstable angina?
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) Answer: Narrowing or blockage of the arteries supplying the myocardium resulting in insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the myocardium
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What are the causes of Coronary artery disease (CAD)? Answer: atherosclerosis, vasospasm, cardiomyopathy, and thrombi. Fat-containing substances are deposited on the coronary artery lumens causing the arteries to narrow
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Atherosclerosis Answer: chronic inflammatory disease triggered by a vessel wall injury
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What is raynaud disease? Answer: the result of vasospasm of the arteries, most often of the hands, that occurs because of sympathetic stimulation. Vasospasm is in the fingers, hands, or feet resulting in pain, numbness, and sometimes discoloration
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Cardiomyopathy Answer: Acquired or inherited conditions that weaken and enlarge the myocardium
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Dilated cardiomyopathy Answer: enlarged floppy ventricular heart muscle
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Answer: thickened, hyperkinetic ventricular heart muscle
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Thrombus Answer: blood clot composed of platelets, fibrin, erythrocytes, and leukocytes that can form anywhere in the circulatory system
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Where can a thrombus form? Answer: anywhere in the circulatory system
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What is virchow triad Answer: three conditions that promote thrombus formation; endothelial injury, sluggish flood flow, and hypercoagulability
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What are the conditions of virchow's triad? Answer: endothelial injury, sluggish flood flow, and hypercoagulability
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How does prolonged elevation in blood pressure affect the heart? Answer: creates excessive cardiac workload due to vasoconstriction, increasing afterload
QUESTION
What inappropriately activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? Answer:
