Chest Injuries: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Nursing Interventions, Slides of Nursing

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS

LEARNING OUTCOME

• Anatomy and physiology review
• Special respiratory investigations
• Alterations of the respiratory system in disease
• Classification of respiratory diseases
• Management of respiratory diseases

Functions of the respiratory system

• Oxygen transport
• Carbon dioxide transport
• Respiration
• ventilation

Diagnostic evaluation

• The respiratory system is vital part of human body.
• Diagnostic tests in respiratory system are mainly divided

into :

❑Invasive test ❑Non invasive test

• Diagnostic tests are performed to find problems as early

as possible

Non invasive diagnostic procedures

• Bronchoscopy
• Radiological imaging :
  • X-ray
  • CT scan
  • MRI
  • CT angiography

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

Definition

• Inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
• Rhinitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose.

Classification

A. Acute rhinitis a. Non-allergic:

1. Infective:

• Viral: Common cold (coryza or flu), rhinitis associated with influenza or other viral infections.
• Bacterial: Usually occurs as a secondary infection following unresolved viral rhinitis. 2. Non-infective:
• Vasomotor rhinitis.
• Rhinitis due to chemical irritation.

B. Chronic rhinitis: a. Non-allergic:

1. Non-specific:

• Chronic catarrhal rhinitis.
• Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis.
• Chronic atrophic rhinitis.
• **Rhinitis medicamentosa (drug-induced rhinitis).

2. Specific:**

• Scleroma.
• Rare types: Syphilis, tuberculosis, lupus and, leprosy. b. Allergic: Perennial allergic rhinitis.

CAUSES

1. Rhinovirus.

2. Reaction of the body’s immune system to an environmental trigger. The most common environmental triggers include dust, molds, pollens, grasses, trees, and animals. Both seasonal allergies and year-round allergies can cause allergic rhinitis.

Cont.,

6. medications (eg, penicillin, sulfa medications, aspirin

• The most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis is the

common cold.

• Drug-induced rhinitis may occur with

antihypertensive agents, such as angiotensin-

converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-

blockers; “statins,” antidepressants; aspirin,

antianxiety medications.

Clinical features

1. Stage of invasion (few hours): Sneezing, burning sensation in the nasopharynx, nasal obstruction, and headache, Pruritis of nose 2. Stage of secretion (few days):

• Symptoms lasting beyond 7 days, or worsening instead of improving suggest that secondary bacterial infection is being established.
• Low grade fever, malaise, arthralgia, nasal obstruction, and profuse watery rhinorrhea. 3. Stage of resolution: Resolution within 5 - 7 days is the natural course of an uncomplicated disease.