Respiratory System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Gas Exchange, Lecture notes of Anatomy

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RESPIRATORY

INTRODUCTION

NOTES

Respiratory System Principal

Organs

Respiration ProcessRespiration Process A collective term for the following processes:

• (^) Pulmonary Ventilation Movement of air into the lungs (inspiration) Movement of air out of the lungs (expiration)
• (^) External Respiration Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood Movement of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs
• (^) Transport of Respiratory Gases Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues Transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
• (^) Internal Respiration Movement of oxygen from blood to the tissue cells Movement of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood

Three Distinct Parts of

Respiration

Three Distinct Parts of

Respiration

 Ventilation – flow of air

between outside and

lungs

 Inhalation – flow of air

into lungs; brings fresh

oxygen

 Exhalation – flow of air

out of lungs; removes

carbon dioxide

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

• (^) Nose
• (^) Nasal cavity
• (^) Sinuses
• (^) Pharynx
• (^) Larynx

PharynxPharynx

• (^) Pharynx (Throat): Intersection where pathway for air and food cross. Most of the time, the pathway for air is open, except when we swallow
• (^) Located behind the oral and nasal cavities

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACTUPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT cont’dcont’d

• (^) EPIGLOTTIS
  • (^) Leaf-shape elastic structure that is attached along one end to the top of the larynx
  • (^) It prevents food from entering the tracheobronchial tree by closing over the glottis during swallowing

glottis open vocal cords glottis (closed) epiglottis tongue’s base glottis closed Larynx: Vocal Cords and Glottis

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

• (^) TRACHEA

 AKA Windpipe

 Passageway for air

 Extends from pharynx and larynx to main

bronchi

 Approximately 4 inches (10 CM) in length

 Composed of smooth muscle and cartilage

rings

 Lined with mucous membrane and cilia

 Assists in cleansing, warming, and

moisturizing air as it travels to the lungs

TRACHEA

Bronchial TubesBronchial Tubes

 (^) Formed by the division of the distal end of the trachea  (^) Left and right main bronchi  (^) Each bronchus enters one and branches to form secondary bronchi.  (^) Each secondary bronchi becomes more narrow to form the bronchioles.  (^) Each bronchiole terminates in a small group of air sacs (alveoli).  (^) Approximately 150 million alveoli in each lung  (^) Network of pulmonary capillaries encases each alveolus = the respiratory membrane  (^) External respiration, the exchange of oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) between the air within the alveolus and the blood inside the capillaries, takes place across the respiratory membrane.

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

• (^) BRONCHIOLES
  • (^) Branch from the secondary bronchi and subdivide into the small terminal and respiratory bronchioles
  • (^) Fine tubes that allow passage of air. Epithelium of bronchioles is covered with cilia and mucus to trap and remove dust and other particles