Respiratory System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Mechanics of Breathing, Exercises of Mechanics

Functions and Organization of the Respiratory System. ▫ Mechanics of breathing. ▫ VENTILATION‐REPERFUSION RELATIONSHIPS. ▫ Oxygen and Carbon dioxide ...

Typology: Exercises

2021/2022

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 Functions and Organization of the Respiratory System  Mechanics of breathing  VENTILATION‐REPERFUSION RELATIONSHIPS  Oxygen and Carbon dioxide Transport  Control of breathing  Alveolar - Arterial equilibration-  Effects of low and high gas pressure on the body  Effects of exercise on the respiratory system.

Learning Objectives

Functions of the Respiratory System:

Overview

• Exchange O 2

  • Air to blood
  • Blood to cells

• Exchange CO 2

  • Cells to blood
  • Blood to air

• Regulate blood pH

• Vocalizations

• Protect alveoli

Overview of external and cellular respiration

Functional Anatomy

  • Organs include: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveoli.
  • Divided into respiratory and conducting zones.
  • Gas exchange with the blood occurs in the respiratory zones. It does NOT occur in the conducting zones.
  • The conducting zones transport, cleanse, warm and humidify the incoming air.

The Nose

• Only externally visible part of the respiratory

system.

• Functions include:

  • Providing an airway for respiration
  • Moistening and warming air
  • Filtering inspired air
  • Serving as a resonating center for speech
  • Housing the olfactory receptors.

Pharynx

  • Funnel-shaped.
  • Connects the nasal

cavity and mouth

superiorly to the

larynx and esophagus

inferiorly

  • 3 regions. From

superior to inferior:

  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx

Oropharynx

  • Lies posterior to the oral

cavity

  • Extends from the soft

palate to the epiglottis

and allows passage of

food and air

  • Lined by nonkeratinized

stratified squamous

epithelium

Laryngopharynx

  • Lies posterior to the epiglottis and extends to the larynx where the respiratory and digestive paths diverge
  • Common passage for both food and air
  • Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
  • The larynx is closed by the epiglottis during swallowing.
  • In addition to opening and closing the glottis for speech, the vocal folds can act as a sphincter during conditions such as coughing, sneezing or straining

Trachea • Descends from the larynx to the

mediastinum.

  • Ends by dividing into the 2 primary bronchi at midthorax.
  • Contains 3 layers: mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia
  • Tracheal mucosa contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium w/ goblet cells.
  • Smoking destroys respiratory cilia – necessitates coughing for mucus propulsion
  • Submucosa contains seromucous glands – produce the mucus that lines the trachea
  • Alveoli are made of simple squamous epithelium consisting of 2 cell types: Type I and Type II alveolar cells.
  • Type I alveolar cells
    • Extremely thin. Occupy most of the alveolar SA.
    • External surfaces are cobwebbed by pulmonary capillaries.
    • Together the alveolar and capillary PM’s and their fused basal laminas form the respiratory membrane which has gas on 1 side and blood on the other.
    • Lung alveoli are surrounded by elastic fibers.
  • Scattered among the Type I’s are Type II cells which secrete surfactant.
  • Alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli.
  • Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) crawl along the internal alveolar surfaces