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The use of retrieval charts and three-level guides as effective tools for enhancing students' reading comprehension skills. Retrieval charts help students compare and organize information from various topics, while three-level guides improve literal, inferential, and applied comprehension levels. A procedure for constructing and using these guides, along with examples.
Typology: Exams
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ReadingComprehenston
A RetrievalChartis one on whichinformationabouta numberof categoriesor
topicsis organisedso that comparisonscanbe made.Studentsneedto be ableto
extractimportantinformationand makegeneralisations.
Procedure:
Teacherconstructsthe headingsand asksstudentsto completeretrieval chart.
Studentsenterinformationonto a gridafterreading.
RetrievalCharts
petrol, oil.
plastic
tronore Pilbara smelter cars,machinery
In the KalahariDesert
How do peopleshelter?
Wheredoesfood comefrom?
Fromwhom do peoplelearn?
How is a message
passed on?
ThreeLevel Guidesarebasedon the question-answerrelationshipsdescribedby
Raphael
and Morrrsand StewartDore(1984).Theyaredesignedto improve
students'literal,inferentialandappliedcomprehension.
Level1 statementsrequirereadersto locaterelevantinformationdirectlyfrom the
text.Thewordingof the statementsmay
not always be exactlythe sameas in the
text but the meaningrssimilar.Thisrequiresliterallevelcomprehension.
(Reading on the lines-Rightthere-Theauthorsaidit.)
Level2 statementsreouirereadersto reflecton literalinformationand see
relationshipsbetweenstatements.Theyrequirestudentsto think and searchfor
answers.Thisis interpretivelevelcomprehension.
(Reading betweenthe lines-Thinkand search-The
authormeantit.)
Level3 statements requirereadersto applyand evaluateinformationby relatingit to
theirown backgroundknowledge.Thisis appliedlevelcomprehension.
(Reading beyondthe lines-On my own-The authorwouldagreewith it.)
83
ReadingConprehension
fr
Useof ThreeLevel Guides encouragesthe participation
of studentsof different
reading abilityin a non-threateninq situation.
Procedure:
studentswork in smallgroups. Theyreadand re-readthe textand discuss the
relevance of eachstatement on the ThreeLevel Guide.Statements aretickedwhen
consensus is reached.
To constructa Three Level
Guide:
Determine contentobjectives-whatdo you
want students to get from thistext?
Write appliedlevelstatements first(Level 3). These shouldbe based on the content
objectives-the main idea,majorconcepts
and generalisations beyondthe text.
Writeliteral levelstatements next(Level 1).Theseshould containinformation on
whichthe appliedlevel statementsarebased.
Finally,write interpretive levelstatements(Level 2). Theseshouldherpstudents
draw
inferencesfrom the information
in the text.
Construct and displaya chartsimilar to the one below.Refer to it whendiscussino
reading.
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(Ev,quanve)
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'Question-Answer Strateg i es fo r Chi Id ren'.
1982,pp. 185-90.O The InternationalReadingAssociation
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Adapted from Raphael, Taffy E.,
The Reading Teacher,November
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84