Download Feed Additives: Definition, Types, and Functions and more Quizzes Animal Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
What is feed
additive?
A feed ingredient that is not hay, silage, pasture (fresh forage), energy feed, protein feed, vitamin supplement or mineral supplement. TERM 2
What are the negative connotations about
feed additives?
DEFINITION 2
- unhealthy or unnatural- are either antibiotics or hormones TERM 3
What are Rumen additives used
for?
DEFINITION 3
- alter rumen fermentation- increase feed efficiency TERM 4
What are Ionophores?
DEFINITION 4 special class of ANTIBIOTIC that causes affected bacterial cell walls to become permeable to cations (K, Na) TERM 5
What are buffers and neutralizers?
DEFINITION 5 compounds added to feed to reduce fluctuation in rumen pHexamples: sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide, sodium sequicarbonate, potassium carbonate
What are antioxidants?
compounds added to prevent rancidity and oxidation of fats, particularly unsaturated fatsexamples: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethoxyquin, Vitamin E TERM 7
What are chemical
preservatives?
DEFINITION 7 compounds added to prevent mold and bacterial degradation of feedstuffsexamples: ascorbic acid, propionic acid, calcium propionate, sodium metabisulfite TERM 8
What are humectants?
DEFINITION 8 compounds added to hold moistureexamples: glycerol, propylene glycol (E 1520), glyceryl triacetate (E1518), sugar polyols: sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol TERM 9
What are pellet binding/flow agents?
DEFINITION 9 pellet binding - materials added to improve the pelleting characteristics of mixed feeds (hold the shape)examples: bentonite, lignosulfonate, molassesflow agents - used to improve mechanical handling (makes handling feed easier)examples: calcium carbonate, bentonite TERM 10
What are probiotics?
DEFINITION 10 microbial cultures added to feed to stimulate the GI environment and promote healthy intestinal floraexamples: lactobacillus, yeasts (aspergillus flavus strains)
Are there hormones ever approved for
chickens?
No TERM 17
What was the hormone used as feed
efficiency drug in cattles that was banned by
FDA when associated with increased ovarian
cancer risk in women?
DEFINITION 17 DES (diethylstilbestrol) TERM 18
What has replaced DES to improve feed
efficiency in cattle?
DEFINITION 18 estrogen-testosterone subcutaneous implants TERM 19
What are the uses of beta-agonists that have
been approved by FDA as feed additives for
use in swine, cattle and turkeys?
DEFINITION 19
- increase lean muscle growth- reduce fat deposition- used at the end of feeding period TERM 20
What are some approved beta-agonists in
feed?
DEFINITION 20 Ractopamine: "Paylean" (in pig feeds), "Optaflex" (in cattle feeds), "Topmax" (in turkey feeds)"Zilmax" (in cattle feeds)
What are non-therapeutic
antimicrobials?
antibiotics added to poultry and swine feed to increase growth rate and feed efficiencyEffects: increase ADG (average daily gain) by 5-10%, increase feed efficiency and stimulate feed intake TERM 22
What are the problems associated with feed
antimicrobials?
DEFINITION 22
- contamination of animal products- Major: antibiotic resistance TERM 23
What are the 3 modes on how resistance
occurs?
DEFINITION 23
- transformation (DNA uptake from environment)- conjugation (plasmids, transpossons)- transduction (bacteriophage) TERM 24
What does DANMAP monitor?
DEFINITION 24 Antibiotic usage: animal and humanantibiotic resistant strains in: animals, animal food products, humans (hospital isolates) TERM 25
What is the future of non-therapeutic
antibiotics in animal feeds?
DEFINITION 25
- gradually being phased out- FDA as part of new Veterinary Feed Directive
Why is Vitamin C not supplemented in
animals?
It is synthesized by the body TERM 32
Why are water soluble vitamins not
supplemented in ruminants and nonruminant
herbivores?
DEFINITION 32 Synthesized by microbial population TERM 33
Why is Vitamin A sold in gelatin beadlets?
DEFINITION 33 to imrpove stability TERM 34
What are the functions of Vitamin
A?
DEFINITION 34
- low light vision - normal growth and development- maintenance of skeletal tissue- maintenance of epithelial cells- increases disease resistance- stimulates cell-mediated immunity- antioxidant TERM 35
What is known as the "sunshine vitamin"?
DEFINITION 35 Vitamin D
What are the two types of Vitamin D?
Cholecalciferol (D3) synthesized in animalsErgocalciferol (D2) synthesized in plants TERM 37
Why don't animals kept outside need Vitamin
D?
DEFINITION 37 Because of the conversion in skin of 7-dehydrocholesterol to itamin D TERM 38
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
DEFINITION 38
- calcium homeostasis- increase Calcium absorption in the gut- phosphorus homeostasis- cell-mediated immune function TERM 39
What are the sources of Vitamin E?
DEFINITION 39 Vitamin E acetate (25%) = 250 IU/g TERM 40
What is Vitamin E requirement influenced by?
DEFINITION 40
- polyunsaturated fats- rancid fats
What is the precursor or Provitamin of Niacin?
Tryptophan TERM 47
What is the precursor or Provitamin of Vitamin
A?
DEFINITION 47 Beta carotene TERM 48
What is the precursor or Provitamin of Vitamin
D?
DEFINITION 48 7-dehydrocholesterol, UV light TERM 49
What is the precursor or Provitamin of Vitamin
C?
DEFINITION 49 Glucose TERM 50
What Vitamin can lose 50% potency in 6
months?
DEFINITION 50 Vitamin A
Storage losses are affected by what factors?
- heat- light- oxygen- fats- trace minerals
