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ROGUE WAVES
Rogue waves: a wave more than 2x the significant
wave height (SWH=the mean of the largest third of
waves in a wave record). Rogue waves are unusually
high waves for the surrounding seas. 1826 one was
reported at 108 ft. (33 meters). The report was
ridiculed by some scientists who, at that time believed
a wave of more than 30 feet was not possible. Later it
was thought (as a result of mathematical proof) a
wave higher than 60 feet was impossible.
Video 100 ft. wave
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YL2XL17z8Fs
The Drauper Wave. In 1995, a wave was measured
off Norway by an oil rig that was fastened to the sea
bottom and was equipped to measure a number of
things including wave height, wave slope and acceleration
on deck and foundations.
In January, a rogue wave hit the platform which was
85 feet high and traveling 45 miles an hour. This was
a wave higher than any mathematical model had
predicted was possible.
Rogue waves form in relatively calm seas. Several
waves come together and a large wave forms. The
wave appears suddenly and can be more than 70 feet
high. These waves are clearly dangerous to almost
any ship since ships can be overturned by such huge
waves. The general approach is not to take such a
wave broadside or hear on, but rather to take the
wave at an angle and ride over it
Even large ships can be severally damaged or sunk
by rogue waves which can also have an impact on off
shore drilling wells.
Tsunami do not look like breaking waves. Rather they
look like an extremely high incoming tide. They
appear as though someone has been adding more
and more water to the ocean and the level keeps
rising.
Some serious Tsunamis:
Santorini (Thera) An enormous volcanic eruption which produced a tsunami Somewhere around 1628 BCE Evidence from Greenland, California tree rings Climate affected – crop failure in Chine, part of Egypt impacted, (information appears on the stele of Ahmose). Some felt that this ended Minoan Civilization but archaeological evidence finds Minoan culture after the eruption. It is possible that the society was so damaged that it became perhaps too weak to defend against a very militant Mycene. There is some speculation that this eruption is the bases of Plato's Atlantis myth.
Lisbon 1755 Nov, 1st at 9:40 am. (All Saints Day) Earthquake followed by a tsunami. People reported seeing the tide go out far enough to expose some ship wrecks. Churches where many had fled for protection were destroyed. Many candles which had been lit helped ignite fires all over. Many other cities hit. About 200,000 people in Lisbon. About 30,000 to 40,000 people killed about 10,000 more in Morocco. This event triggered the beginning of the science of seismology
in Germany, Led to many theological problems – why did this happen on a High holy day (All Saints Day) destruction of Churches and people looking for refuge in them being killed.
Krakatoa or Krakatau August 27 1883. The eruption of Krakatoa was preceded by minor rumblings and ventings. Then on Aug 27 there was the first major eruption which generated a cloud plume 20 miles high and triggered several tsunami. The following day there were 4 major eruptions in a 4 and a 1/ hour period. The last is credited with being the largest sound recorded on Earth. It was heard in Australia and an island called Rodrigues 3,000 miles away. Villages on Java and Sumatra were destroyed. An estimated 35,000 people died. Chunks of coral weighing 600 tons were found on the shore. Tsunami went nearly around the world with places. Thousands of miles away having large waves. Sunlight in the immediate area was blocked for several days and within weeks people all over the world saw the sun a strange color. This was caused by the dust in the stratosphere. Global temperatures fell for several years as a result of the reduced sunlight from the ash. Krakatoa basically blew itself apart but a new volcano called Anam Krakatoa is forming at the crater of about 5 inches a week.
Indonesian Earthquake and Tsunami or Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami Dec, 26, 2004 (9.1 - 9.3 on Richter Scale) The death toll across 14 countries was about 230,000 people. It was the third largest earthquake ever recorded and lasted 8.3 to 10 minutes. Indonesia was the hardest hit, with Sri Lanka, India and Thailand also suffering
Nuclear Power Plant suffered a meltdown and a good deal of radioactive material was washed into the ocean. In Fukushima, Tochigi, Gunma, Tokyo, Chiba, Saitama, and Niigata prefectures, there were reports that radioactive material was found in tap water. The fishing of some species of fish was also banned because they were found to have radioactive material in them.
Nuclear meltdown: The tsunami caused a cooling system failure at the
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, which resulted in a
level-7 nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive
materials. The electrical power and backup generators were
overwhelmed by the tsunami, and the plant lost its cooling
capabilities. In July 2013, TEPCO, the Tokyo Electric Power
Company, admitted that about 300 tons of radioactive water
continues to leak from the plant every day into the Pacific
Ocean.
LITUYA BAY ALASKA (1958)
Lituya Bay megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay Alaska in
- It was a 7.8 earthquake which caused a landslide dumping 40 million cubic yards, and about 90 million tons) to fall from several hundred meres into the narrow inlet of Lituya Bay, Alaska. This displacement of water by the slide caused a wave to form which measured 1710 feet at
the inlet to the bay (Empire State Building 1,250′, 1,454′ to
tip).
TIDAL WAVES
Tidal waves are not tsunamis. A tidal wave
is a wave that forms when the tide comes in and
forms a wave. Sometimes they will form in a river as
the tide pushes its way inland. These are sometimes
called “tidal bores” These can be dangerous to
people because in narrow beaches with high hills or
cliffs, a person or an animal might not be able to
escape in incoming tide. Bay of Fundy Tidal Bore
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDNg101oLkE
UNDERSEA OR UNDERWATER WAVE
Undersea waves These are waves which occur underwater as a result of two layers of water of different densities moving against each other the way that air and water do on the surface. These waves can be dangerous to submarines
Undersea or underwater waves are caused, like wind driven waves, by 2 fluids of different densities moving against one another at different speeds.
With undersea waves however, the 2 fluids are both water, but in this case the water is of 2 different densities. So a level of water of one density, moving against a level of water with a different density can (and will) produce a wave, but in the case it is underwater.
In general this is not a problem for people since most are not under water. However it has been the case that submarines have
Whether or not the whirlpool appears and how rapidly it spins are a function of the tides. High tides and especially spring tides produce the most intense whirlpools. The figures given below are “highs”. In some cases, these have become tourist attractions with boats taking passengers out to see the whirlpool “up close”
whirlpool_narutao_tourists
The largest whirlpools are Saltstraumen (23 mph) in Norway,
and Corryvreckan in Scotland found off the west coast between the islands of Jura and Scarpa. It has speeds of about 12 mph
Whirlpool_Corryvreckan
A dramatic encounter with Corryvreckan can be seen in the film I Know Where I’m Going. On the US/Canadian border lies Old Sow (17.1 mph) between Deer Island in New Brunswick and Moose Island, Eastport Maine. The US Coast Guard Station in Eastport regularly rescues boats that have gotten too close and do not have enough power to move them out of the current.
Whirlpool_Naruto Edgar Allen Poe’s Descent Into the Maelstrom and other fictional works have boats being sucked down into the whirlpool, but this is just fiction.
STORM SURGE
Storm winds cause storm surge by pushing the ocean up onto the shore. These are most intense with hurricanes. The speed and intensity of hurricane winds is measure by a scale called the SAFFIR SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE
There is a separate scale for tornados called the Fujita scale that has been enhanced.
