Rolling Bearings Handbook, Lecture notes of Construction

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NTN

Rolling Bearings

Handbook

Contents

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2

• 1 Rolling Bearings ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 1.1 Sliding Friction and Rolling Friction ⋯
    • Rolling Bearings ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 1.2 Sliding Bearings and
  • Characteristicsof Rolling Bearings ⋯⋯ Classification and
  • 2.1 Rolling Bearing Construction ⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 2.2 Classification of Rolling Bearings ⋯⋯
  • 2.3 Bearing Manufacturing Process ⋯⋯
  • 2.4 Characteristics ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
• 3 Bearing Selection ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 3.1 Selection Procedure ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 3.2 Types and Performance Comparison
  • 3.3 Bearing Arrangement ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
• 8 Fits ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 8.1 Bearing Fits ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 8.2 Fit Selection ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 8.3 Fit Calculation ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 9 Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload ⋯ - 9.1 Bearing Internal Clearance ⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 9.2 Internal Clearance Selection ⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 9.3 Preload ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 11 Bearing Characteristics ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 11.1 Friction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 11.2 Temperature Rise ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 11.3 Sound ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 15 Shaft and Housing Design ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 15.1 Fixing of Bearings ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 15.2 Bearing Fitting Dimensions ⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 15.3 Shaft and Housing Precision ⋯⋯⋯ - 16 Handling ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 16.1 Mounting ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 16.2 Post-Installation Running Test ⋯⋯ - 16.3 Bearing Removal ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 16.4 Press Fit and Pullout Force ⋯⋯⋯⋯ - Bearing Life Calculation Examples ⋯⋯⋯ - (Standard Symbols for Various Countries) ⋯ Reference Material - 17 Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures ⋯ - NTN Electronic Catalog Operation Method ⋯ - 12 Lubrication ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 12.1 Grease Lubrication ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 12.2 Oil Lubrication ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 14 Bearing Materials ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - Rolling Element Materials ⋯⋯⋯⋯ 14.1 Raceway and - 14.2 Cage materials ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ - 10 Allowable Speed ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
• 4 Main Dimensions and Bearing Numbers ⋯^19 13 External Bearing Sealing Devices ⋯⋯
  • 4.1 Main Dimensions ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 4.2 Bearing Numbers⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
• 5 Bearing Precision ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 5.1 Dimension and Turning Precision ⋯⋯
  • 5.2 Bearing Precision Measurement Methods
• 6 Load Rating and Life ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 6.1 Bearing Life ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
    • Basic Dynamic Load Rating ⋯⋯⋯⋯ 6.2 Basic Rating Life and
  • 6.3 Adjusted Rating Life ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
    • Requisite Life ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 6.4 Machine Applications and
  • 6.5 Basic Static Load Rating ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 6.6 Allowable Static Equivalent Load ⋯⋯
• 7 Bearing Load ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 7.1 Load Used for Shafting ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 7.2 Bearing Load Distribution ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 7.3 Equivalent Load ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
  • 7.4 Allowable Axial Load ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

1.1 Sliding Friction and Rolling Friction

As shown in Fig. 1.1 , the amount of force it

takes to move an object of the same weight

varies largely between the cases where the

object is laid directly on the ground and

pulled, and where the object is laid on rollers

and pulled. This is because the coefficient of

friction ( ) varies largely for these two cases.

The force it takes to bring the object to the

verge of moving can be calculated as F =

W , but the value of the coefficient of friction

of a rolling bearing is a minute value of less

than 1/100 that of a sliding bearing. The

coefficient of friction of a rolling bearing is

generally = 0.001 to 0.005.

1.2 Sliding Bearings and Rolling Bearings

There are various forms of each type of

bearing, each having its own particular

characteristics. If you compare the two, the

general characteristics are as follows.

1. Rolling Bearings

1

Fig. 1.1 Comparison of Friction Force

F

F

(Tension)

W

W

(Weight)

F = W

Rolling bearing Sliding bearing

Generally has inner and outer rings, in between which there are ball or roller rolling elements which support a rotating load by rolling.

Rotating load is supported by the surface, and makes direct sliding contact in some cases, or maintains sliding by film thickness using a fluid as a medium.

Rotation axis

Construction

Characteristic

Dimensions

Friction

Lubrication

Temperature

Internal clearance rigidity

Dimensions of rolling bearings have been internationally standardized. The bearings are widely used because they are interchangeable, easy to get, and inexpensive.

Inner ring Outer ring Rolling element

Cross-sectional area is large due to intervention of rolling element.

Friction torque is extremely small during rotation at start-up.

Can be used by making internal clearance negative to provide rigidity as a bearing.

As a rule, lubricant is required. Using grease, etc., facilitates maintenance; is sensitive to dirt.

Can be used from high to low temperatures. Cooling effect can be expected, depending on lubricant.

Cross-sectional area is extremely small.

Friction torque is large at start-up, and may be small during rotation, depending on the conditions.

Used with clearance. Therefore, moves only the amount of the clearance.

Some types can be used without lubrication; generally speaking, are comparatively insensitive to dirt. Oil lubrication conditions require attention.

Generally speaking, there are high and low temperature limits.

2.2 Classification of Rolling Bearings

Rolling bearings are generally classified as

shown in Fig. 2.2. In addition to these, there

are bearings of various other shapes.

For more information, see the various NTN

catalogs. For terminology used for the parts of

typical bearings, see Fig. 2..

2

Fig. 2.2 Classification of Roller Bearings

Single row deep groove ball bearings

Single row angular contact ball bearings

Duplex angular contact ball bearings

Double row angular contact ball bearings

Four-point contact ball bearings

Self-aligning ball bearings

Thrust ball bearings High-speed duplex angular contact ball bearings (for axial loads) Double direction angular contact thrust ball bearings

Single row cylindrical roller bearings

Double row cylindrical roller bearings

Needle roller bearings

Single row tapered roller bearings

Double row tapered roller bearings

Self-aligning roller bearings

Cylindrical roller thrust bearings

Needle roller thrust bearings

Tapered roller thrust bearings

Self-aligning thrust roller bearings

Rolling bearings

Ball bearings

Roller bearings

Thrust roller bearings

Radial roller bearings

Thrust ball bearings

Radial ball bearings

Rolling bearing unit ball bearings

2

Fig. 2.3 Terminology of Bearing Parts

Cone front face rib

Contact angle

Cup small inside diameter (SID)

Outer ring back face

Inner ring front face

Outer ring front face

Inner ring back face

Effective load center

Cone back face rib

Tapered roller

Standout

Bearing width

Snap ring Cage Rivet Ball

Inner ring raceway

Outer ring raceway

Bearing chamfer

Shield

Side face

Inner ring

Outer ring

Width

Bearing bore

diameter

Pitch circle diameter

Bearing single outside diameter

(^) Outer ring front face

Inner ring back face

Effective load center

Inner ring front face

Outer ring back face

Contact angle

Inner ring with rib

Roller inscribedcircle diameter

Outer ring with 2 ribs L-shaped loose rib

Cylindrical roller

Lock washer Locknut Tapered bore Sleeve of inner rib

Inner ring Spherical roller Outer ring

Shaft washer

Housing washer

Ball

Bearing bore diameter

Bearing single outside diameter

Bearingheight

Deep groove ball bearing Angular contact ball bearing

Cylindrical roller bearing Tapered roller bearing

Self-aligning roller bearing Thrust ball bearing

2.4 Characteristics

¡ Ball bearings and roller bearings

¡ Deep Groove Ball Bearings

Widely used in a variety of fields, deep

groove ball bearings are the most common

type of bearing. Deep groove ball bearings

may include seals or shields as shown in

Table 2. 2.

Deep groove ball bearings also include

bearings with snap rings for positioning when

2

Table 2.1 Comparison of Ball Bearings and Roller Bearings

Table 2.2 Construction and Characteristics of Sealed Ball Bearings

Point contact Contact surface becomes elliptical when a load is received.

Line contact Contact surface generally becomes rectangular when a load is received.

Ball bearings Roller bearings

Balls make point contacts, so rolling resistance is slight, thus making it suitable for low torque, high-speed applications. Also has superior sound characteristics.

2a

2b r

Contact with 2b bearing ring

Characteristics

Load capacity

Load capacity is small, so loads can be received in both radial and axial directions with radial bearings.

Because axial contact is made, rotation torque is less than that of balls, and rigidity is high.

Load capacity is large. With cylindrical roller bearings with ribs, slight axial load can also be received. With tapered roller bearings, a combination of two bearings enables large axial load in both directions to be received.

mounting the outer ring; expansion

adjustment bearings which absorb dimension

variation of the bearing fitting surface caused

by temperature of the housing; and other

various types of bearings such as TAB

bearings which can withstand dirt in the

lubrication oil.

Shielded type Sealed type Type and symbol Non-contact type ZZ Non-contact type LLB Contact type LLU Low torque type LLH

Construction ¡A metal shield is fastened to the outer ring, forming a labyrinth clearance with the V-groove of the inner ring seal surface.

¡A seal plate of synthetic rubber anchored to a steel plate is fastened to the outer ring, and the edge of the seal forms a labyrinth clearance along the V-groove of the inner ring seal surface.

¡Basic construction is the same as the LU type, except the lip of the seal edge is specially designed with a slit to prevent absorption, forming a low-torque seal.

¡A seal plate of synthetic rubber anchored to a steel plate is fastened to the outer ring, and the edge of the seal makes contact with the side of the V-groove of the inner ring seal surface.

-25˚C 120˚C -25˚C 120˚C -25˚C 120˚C -25˚C 120˚C

Same as open type Same as open type Contact seal is limited Better than LLU type

Poor Poor Extremely good Good

Good Better than ZZ type Best Better than LLB type

Friction torque (^) Small Small Somewhat large Medium Dustproof Waterproof High speed temperature rangeAllowable

comparisonPerformance

(^1)

1 Allowable temperature range is indicated for standard product.

¡ Angular Contact Ball Bearings

The straight line that connects the inner

ring, ball and outer ring runs at an angle

(contact angle) to the radial direction. The

angle is basically designed for three types of

contact angle.

Angular contact ball bearings can bear an

axial load. Since they however posses a

contact angle, they cannot be used by

themselves, but must rather be used in pairs

or in combination. There is also a series that

reconsiders internal design for high speed.

For more

information, see

the catalog. (^) ☞

There are double row angular contact ball

bearings that contain the inner and outer rings

all in one, instead of duplex bearings, and

have 30˚C contact angle.

Another bearing is the four-point contact ball

bearing which can receive an axial load in

both directions. Problems of temperature rise

and friction however may occur depending

upon load conditions.

2

Table 2.3 Contact Angle and Symbol

Table 2.4 Combinations Types and Characteristics of Duplex Angular Contact Bearings

Fig. 2.5 Double Row Angular Contact Bearings

Contact angle

Contact angle Contact angle symbol

C

A

B

Contact Angle and Contact Angle Symbol

1 Contact angle symbol A is omitted in nomenclature.

1

Combination Characteristics

¡Able to receive radial load and axial load in both directions. ¡DistanceRbetween load centers of bearings is large. Load capacity of moment load is consequently also large. ¡Allowable inclination angle is small.

¡Able to receive radial load and axial load in both directions. ¡DistanceRbetween load centers of bearings is small. Load capacity of moment load is consequently also small. ¡Allowable inclination angle is larger than that of back-to-back duplex.

Back-to-back duplex (DB)

¡Able to receive radial load and axial load in one direction. ¡Receives axial load in tandem. Is consequently able to receive a large axial load.

Tandem duplex bearing (DT)

Face-to-face duplex bearing (DF)

Remarks 1. Bearings are made in sets in order to adjust preload and internal clearance of the bearing, so a combination of bearings having the same product number must be used.

r

r

Non-contact seal type (LLB)

Contact seal type (LLU)

Open type Shielded type (ZZ)

Angular Contact Ball Bearin Single and duplex arrangements 79, High speed single and duplex arrange Ultra-high speed angular contact ball Ceramic ball angular contact ball bear Four-point contact ball bearings QJ Double row angular contact ball bearin

☞

See page B-2 of the "Ball and Roller Bearings" catalog.

¡ Tapered Roller Bearings

The tapered vertex of the rollers and

raceway surface of the outer and inner rings is

designed to intersect a point on the centerline

of the bearing. The rollers therefore are

guided along the raceway surface by being

pushed against the inner ring rib by synthetic

power received from the outer and inner ring

raceway surfaces.

Because component force is produced in

the axial direction when a radial load is

received, the bearings must be used in pairs.

The outer and inner rings with rollers come

apart, thus facilitating mounting with clearance

and preload. It is however difficult to control

the clearance. Tapered roller bearings are

capable of receiving both large radial and

axial loads.

NTN bearings with 4T-, ET-, T- and U

conform to ISO and JIS sub-unit dimensions

standards (contact angle, outer ring groove

small diameter, outer ring width), and have

international compatibility.

NTN offers bearings made of carburizing

steel to extend life, such as ETA- and ET-

bearings. We also have double row tapered

roller bearings that combine two bearings, and

heavy-duty four row tapered roller bearings.

¡ Self-Aligning Roller Bearings

Having an outer ring with a spherical

raceway surface and an inner ring with a

double row of barrel-shaped rolling elements,

self-aligning roller bearings enable alignment

of shaft inclination.

Types of self-aligning roller bearings differ

according to internal design.

Some have a tapered inner ring bore to

facilitate mounting on the shaft by adapter or

withdrawal sleeve. The bearings are capable

of receiving large loads and are therefore

often used in industrial machinery. Single row

rollers however bear no load when axial load

becomes great, and are subject to various

other problems.

2

Fig. 2.6 Tapered Roller Bearing

2 E

Sub-unit dimensions

E : Outer ring nominal diameter at small end : Nominal contact angle

Table 2.6 Types of Self-Aligning Roller Bearings

Type Standard type (B type) C type 213 type E type

Construction

Bearing series

Roller Roller guide system

Cage type Pressed cage Machined cage Resin formed cage

Other than C type

Bore 50 mm or series (222, 223, 213) and 24024 - 24038

Single bore 55 mm or more (213)

Asymmetrical rollers Symmetrical rollers Asymmetrical rollers Symmetrical rollers By center rib united with inner ring

Pressed cage Machined cage

By guide ring positioned between rows of rollers

By guide ring between rows of rollers positioned on the outer ring raceway

By high-precision cage (no center rib or guide ring)

There are various types of thrust bearings

for special applications besides those listed

below. For more information, see the NTN

catalogs.

2

¡ Thrust Bearings

There are various types of thrust bearings

that differ according to application and shape

of rolling elements. Allowable speed is

generally low, and lubrication requires

attention.

Table 2.7 Types and Characteristics of Thrust Bearings

GS/WS type bearing washer

AS type bearing washer

AXK type

¡ Self-aligning thrust roller bearing

Has balls retained by a cage between the shaft washer (equivalent of inner ring) and housing washer (equivalent of outer ring), and is capable of receiving an axial load in one direction only.

Some bearing washers use precut bearing washers, and some use bearing washers of pressed steel plate. Pressed bearing washers are used for bearings with the smallest cross-section height and large load capacity.

The most common type uses a single row of cylindrical rollers, but some use two or three rows for larger load capacity.

The raceway surface of the housing washer (outer ring) has a spherical surface that lines up with the bearing axis, and uses barrel shaped rolling elements to facilitate alignment. Self-aligning thrust roller bearings are capable of bearing large axial loads. The bearings have many sliding surfaces such as roller end faces and cages, and therefore requires lubricating oil even at low speeds.

¡ Single-direction thrust ball bearing

¡ Needle roller thrust bearing

¡ Cylindrical roller thrust bearing

Type Characteristics

Alignment angle

¡ Bearing Unit

The unit that incorporates ball bearings

inside housings of various shapes and sizes.

The housing is mounted by bolting to the

machine, and the shaft is simply attached to

the inner ring by lockscrew. This means that

rotating equipment can be supported without

any sort of special design in the periphery of

the bearing. Standardized housing shapes

include pillow and flange types. The single

outside diameter of the bearing is spherical,

as is the bore diameter of the housing, to

facilitate alignment.

Lubrication is sealed inside the bearing by

grease; the double seal prevents dust from

getting inside.

For more information concerning shapes,

see the NTN catalog.

2

Fig. 2.7 Oiling Type Bearing Unit

Grease nipple

Bearing housing

Spherical outer ring

Slinger Special rubber seal

Lockscrew with a ball

Ball

3.1 Selection Procedure

Rolling bearings include many types and

sizes. Selecting the best bearing is important

for getting the machine or equipment to

function in the way it's supposed to. There are

various selection procedures, but the most

common are shown in the following figure.

3. Bearing Selection

3

Confirm operating conditions and operating environment

¡Function and construction of components to house bearings ¡Bearing mounting location ¡Bearing load (direction and magnitude) ¡Rotational speed ¡Vibration and shock load ¡Bearing temperature (ambient and friction-generated) ¡Operating environment (potential for corrosion, degree of contamination, extent of lubrication)

Select bearing type and configuration

¡Allowable space of bearing ¡Bearing load (magnitude, direction, vibration, presence of shock load) ¡Rotational speed ¡Bearing precision ¡Rigidity ¡Allowable misalignment of inner/outer rings ¡Friction torque ¡Bearing arrangement (floating side, fixed side) ¡Installation and disassemble requirements ¡Bearing availability and cost

Select bearing dimensions

¡Design life of components to house bearings ¡Dynamic/static equivalent load conditions and life of bearing ¡Safety factor ¡Allowable speed ¡Allowable axial load ¡Allowable space

Select bearing precision

¡Shaft runout precision ¡Rotational speed ¡Torque fluctuation ¡Noise level

Select bearing's internal clearance

¡Material and shape of shaft and housing ¡Fit ¡Temperature differential between inner/outer rings ¡Allowable misalignment of inner/outer rings ¡Load (magnitude, nature) ¡Amount of preload ¡Rotational speed

Select cage type and material

¡Rotational speed ¡Noise level ¡Vibration and shock load ¡Load fluctuation ¡Moment load ¡Misalignment of inner/outer rings ¡Lubrication type and method

¡Operating temperature ¡Rotational speed ¡Lubrication type and method ¡Sealing method ¡Maintenance and inspection

Select any special bearing specifications

¡Operating environment (high/low temperature, vacuum, pharmaceutical, etc.) ¡Requirement for high reliability

Confirm handling procedures

¡Installation-related dimensions ¡Assembly and disassembly procedures

Select lubricant, lubrication method, sealing method

Procedure Check items

3

3.3 Bearing Arrangement

Shafts are generally supported by two

bearings in the radial and axial directions. The

side that fixes relative movement of the shaft

and housing in the axial direction is called the

"fixed side bearing," and the side that allows

movement is called the "floating side bearing."

The floating side bearing is needed to absorb

mounting error and avoid stress caused by

expansion and contraction of the shaft due to

temperature change. In the case of bearings

with detachable inner and outer rings such as

cylindrical and needle roller bearings, this is

accomplished by the raceway surface. Bearings

with non-detachable inner and outer rings, such

as deep groove ball bearings and self-aligning

roller bearings, are designed so that the fitting

surface moves in the axial direction.

If bearing clearance is short, the bearings can

be used without differentiating between the

fixed and floating sides. In this case, the method

of having the bearings face each other, such as

with angular contact ball bearings and tapered

roller bearings, is frequently used.

Table 3.2 (1) Sample Bearing Arrangement (fixed and floating sides differentiated)

Table 3.2 (2) Sample Bearing Arrangement (fixed and floating sides not differentiated)

1. Typical arrangement for small machinery.
2. Capable of bearing a certain degree of axial load, as well as radial loads.
3. Capable of bearing heavy loads.
4. You can enhance rigidity of shaft system by using back-to-back duplex bearing and applying preload.
5. Required improvement of shaft/housing precision and less mounting error.

General industrial machinery Reduction gears

1. Frequently used in general industrial machinery for heavy loads and shock loads.
2. Able to tolerate a certain degree of mounting error and shaft flexure.
3. Capable of bearing radial loads and a certain degree of axial load in both directions.

General industrial machinery Reduction gears

Fixed side Floating side

Arrangement Abstract

Application example (reference)

1. Typical usage method for small machinery.
2. Preload sometimes provided by spring or adjusted shim on outer ring side.

Small electrical machinery Small Reduction gears

1. Able to withstand heavy loads and shock loads, and has a wide range of use.
2. Rigidity can be enhanced by applying preload, but be careful not to apply too much preload.
3. Back mounting is suitable when moment load is produced, and front mounting when there is mounting error.
4. Front mounting facilitates mounting when the inner ring is tight-fitted.

Reduction gears Front and rear axles of Back mounting automobiles

Front mounting

Arrangement Abstract Application example(reference)

Small pumps Automobile transmissions

Spring or shim

4.1 Main Dimensions

As shown in Figs. 4.1 - 4.3 , main

dimensions of rolling bearings include bearing

bore diameter, single outside diameter,

width/height, and chamfer. These dimensions

must be known when mounting on the shaft

and housing.

The main dimensions have been

standardized by the International Standards

Organization (ISO), and the Japanese

International Standard (JIS) is used in Japan.

The standard range of dimensions for single

bore metric rolling bearings has been

established as 0.6 - 2500 mm. For single

bore, a code is used to express diameter

series and width series, which indicate the

size of the bearing cross-section.

4

4. Main Dimensions and Bearing Numbers

Radial bearing (tapered roller bearings not included)

Tapered roller bearing

Code

Dimension

Code

Dimension

Dimension series

Diameter series (outer dimension) Width series (width dimension)

7. 8. 9. 1. 1. 2. 3. 4

Table 4.1 Dimension Series Code

Small (^) Small

Small Small

Large (^) Large

Large Large

Diameter series

B

d D

r

r

r r

r

r

r r

T

C

d D

r

r

B

r 1 r 1

α

E

Fig. 4.1 Radial Bearing (tapered roller bearings not included)

Fig. 4.3 Diameter Series of Radial Bearings

Fig. 4.2 Tapered Roller Bearing