Deciphered Title | Lecture notes Philosophy

 •

lzIfs

ebf} @)&$

lj1fg af]w 8f= lbg]z/fh e'h'

lj1fgn] cfˆgf] ;fFw–;Ldf :ki6 sf]/]sf] 5M pm ef}lts

a|Xdf08sf] l;dfgfleq k|fs[lts lgodsf] vf]hLdf /Db5 /

dfgj r]tgfleq /x]/ p;n] tL lgodx¿sf] JofVof ug{] sf]lzz

ub{5 . lj1fgsf ltg} lgodx¿sf] o 'lQm;Ddt k|of]uaf6 dflg;n]

cfˆgf] 1fgnfO{ ‰g\ eGbf ‰g\ km/flsnf] kfb{} nfg ;s]sf] 5 .

lj1fgdflysf] lrGtgdf s;}nfO{ s'g} c+s'z 5}g, g t o;sf]

pkef]udf . lj1fgl;t lgtfGt lg/k]If /xg] ;fw'–;Gt dfq xf]Og

o;sf dfGotfl;t km/s dt /fVg] cToGt} cfWoflTds kf/nf}lss

r]tgx¿nfO{ ;d]t lj1fgsf cfljisf/ / ltgaf6 ljsl;t

k|ljlwsf] k |of]u u/L nfe lng s'g} aGb]h 5}g . lj1fgsf] bz{gn]

v'Nnf 5f]8]sf] oxL 7"nf] 9f]sfsf] sf/0fn] x'g ;S5, sltko

cj:yfdf lj1fgsf] kl/efiff / o;sf] JofVofdf ;d:of klg

b]vf kb{5 . cfˆg} dlxdfn] clezKt x'Fbf lj1fgsf] kl/efiff klg

y/L–y/L e}lbG5 / ckJofVofn] t p;sf] x 'd{t g} lnG5, gq lsg

l;sfO/xg' k¥of] sIff–sf]7fx¿df …lj1fg db{5 /f]P/===Ú egL .

Pp6f dfq pbfx/0f oxfF– x'gt tL of]uL lbj+ut eO;s]sf

5g\Ù klZrd g]kfndf kfgL gk/]/ v]t afF‰f] lyof] . of]uLn]

jiff{sf] k|fy{gfdf s'g} lqj]0fL 5]p xf]d nfpg'ef], d'/Lsf d'/L

cGg—wfgÙ hf} £o" xfn]sf] cfuf]df 89fpg'eof] / JofVof ug{'eof]

ls xf]daf6 lg:s]sf] w'jfFn] cfsfzdf u}sg jiff{ u/fpg d2t

ub{5 . pxfF To;nfO{ lj1fg;Ddt dfGg' x'GYof] .

hals Tof] lj1fgsf] unt JofVof lyof] . lj1fgsf]

cWoog–cWofkg;Fu} xfdLdf o:tf] JofVof -ckJofVof_ ug{]

rng a]:;/L a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . vf;df lj1fgsf] cWofkg

xfdLn] leœofof}+, t/ o;sf] ;+:sf/ rnfPgf}+ jf a'‰]gf}+ . o:tf]

lsg klg e}/x]sf] 5 eg] xfdLn] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/nfO{

TofUg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ / gofF 1fg klg k"0f{ ¿kdf c+uLsf/

u/L g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . clg k/Dk/fsf sygx¿nfO{ gofF

1fg cyf{t\ j}1flgs 1fgsf] cfj/0f lbg vf]Hbf kf}/fl0fs

syfx¿df klg xfdLn] lj1fg b]Vg yfNof}+ . h:t}, xfdLnfO{

eGg] cft'/L x'G5 — xfQLsf] 6fpsf] ufFl;Psf u0f]zhL hLj–

k|ljlwsf] pTs[i6 gd"gf x'g\, xjfO{–hxfhsf] cfljisf/ -k'iks

ljdfg_ ug{] …/fO6 a|b/Ú xfdLsxfF plxNo} hlGd;s]sf lyP .

hals oyfy{ s] xf] eg] u0f]zhL kf}/fl0fs syfsf Ps kfq

dfq x'g\, k'iks ljdfg klg Pp6f sNkgf lyof] . tL s'g}

j}1flgs k|of]uzfnfdf ag]sf lyPgg\ .

clxn]sf] g]kfndf Pp6f /fd|f] s'/f s] xf] eg] xfd|f ;a}

ljBfnox¿ -;+:s[t ljZjljBfnocGtu{t ;d]t_ df lj1fgsf] k9fO

x'G5 . s'g} a]nf lj1fg ljifonfO{ P]lR5s agfP/ k"/} k':tfnfO{ e'Q]

kfg{ vf]lhPsf] lyof], ca eg] of] clgjfo{ h:t} ePsf] 5 . tyflk,

lj1fgsf] cWofkgdf k|of]ufTds lzIffsf] cefj / cjwf/0ff

ljz'4 lj1fgsf] dxŒj

ljsf;sf] sdhf]/ cfwf/lznfnfO{ eg] xfdLn] gh/cGbfh ug{

ldNb}g . ljZjljBfnotkm{ lj1fg sn]h / lrlsT;f, OlGhlgol/ª

nufotsf k|fljlws ;+:yfgx¿sf] kf7Øqmddf klg lj1fg–bz{gsf]

c;fWo 7"nf] cefj 5 . o;f]x'Fbf lj1fg a'´g] / a'‰fpg] s'/f

tfls{s / bfz{lgs geP/ k/LIffd'vL / oflGqs aGb} uPsf] 5 .

oL ;asf] kl/0ffd s] b]lvof] eg] xfdL hfFrdf /fd|f] c+s NofP/

lj1fg ljifo pQL0f{ u5f}{+ t/ Jojxf/df lj1fg -;xL lj1fg_ /

clj1fg -unt lj1fg_ v'6Øfpg ;Sb}gf}+ .

lj1fg hfFRg] s;L

;xL lj1fgnfO{ unt lj1fgb]lv 5'6Øfpg] ljlw s] xf] t < s'g}

ljifoj:t' lj1fg xf] jf xf]Og eg]/ hfFRg] s;L x'G5 s:tf] <

j}1flgs / lj1fgsf lxdfotL bfz{lgs clg lzIffljb\x¿n] lj1fg

hfFRg] dfkb08 tof/ kf/]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ xfdL lj1fgsf] kl/efiff,

dfGotf, cfwf/ cflb eGb5f}+ . ltg} dfkb08nfO{ ;/nLs[t ul/Psf]

Pp6f ;fdfGo r]s–ln:6 oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

z lj1fg k|fs[lts ;+;f/df s]lG›t /xG5

z k|fs[lts ;+;f/sf] JofVof ug{' lj1fgsf] Wo]o x'G5

z lj1fgn] k/LIf0fof]Uo sNkgfnfO{ dfq ;d]6\b5

z lj1fg ;b}j k|df0fdf ljZjf; ub{5

z lj1fgsf] ljsf; j}1flgs ;d'bfosf] ax; / cGt/lqmofaf6 x'G5

z lj1fg lg/Gt/sf] hfu[t pBd xf]

z lj1fgsf] 9f]sf— ljgf s'g} e]befj ;a}sf nflu ;w}+e/L

v'Nnf /xG5 .

lj1fg k|fs[lts ;+;f/df s]lG›t /xG5 eGg'sf] dtna o;n]

k|fs[lts lgodsf] cWoog ub{5 . k|fs[lts ;+;f/leq xfd|f]

jl/kl/sf ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts cjojx¿ kb{5g\, h:t}M k/df0f', aLp–

jg:klt, kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL, dflg;x¿, ;dfh / tf/fk'~h .

;fy}, oL j:t'x¿nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] pmhf{ / To;sf] k |fs[lts

;|f]t klg lj1fgsf] ;+;f/leq kb{5 . k|fs[lts ;+;f/eGbf aflx/

lj1fgn] ljr/0f ub{}g . h:t}Ù Psy/L dflg;x¿ d[To'kZrft\ klg

hLjg x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; unf{g\, t/ lj1fgn] To;sf]

cWoog ub{}g, lsgeg] d[To'kZrftsf] hLjg k|fs[lts ;+;f/sf]

lgodleq kb{}g . To:t}, hLjg s] xf], cfTdf 5 ls 5}g eGg]

h:tf k|Zgx¿ klg lj1fgsf] lsQfleq kb{}gg\ . o; afx]s

lj1fgn] cGo ;a} k|sf/sf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hb5M k[YjLdf

;aeGbf k'/fgf] r§fg slxn] aGof] < 9';Ln] s'g /f;folgs

k|ltlqmofaf6 zlQm cfh{g ub{5 < a[x:kltsf] /ftf] wAaf xf] s] <

cfsfz lsg gLnf] b]lvG5 < e}+rfnf]sf] sf/0f s] xf] < s'lx/f]

s;/L jfo'd08ndf ;b{} hfG5 < Kofh sf6\bf lsg cfFz' cfpF5 <

Hj/f] cfpFbf z/L/ tftf] lsg x'G5 < cflb, cflb .

lj1fgsf] d"n p2]Zo k|fs[lts j:t' / ltgsf lgod a'´g' xf]Ù Jojxf/df ef]ln To;sf] pkof]u

x'g jf gx'g klg ;S5 . cfhef]ln ljz'4 lj1fgnfO{ kfvf nufpg] / Jofjxfl/s lj1fgsf] a9L

g} xNnf ;'lgG5 . t/ s] la;{g'x'Gg eg] ;a} k|sf/sf] k|ljlwsf] ;|f]t ;}4flGts lj1fg g} xf] .

Partial preview of the text

Download Deciphered Title and more Lecture notes Philosophy in PDF only on Docsity!

 • lzIfs ebf} @)&$

lj1fg af]w 8f= lbg]z/fh e'h'

lj

1fgn] cfˆgf] ;fFw–;Ldf :ki6 sf]/]sf] 5M pm ef}lts a|Xdf08sf] l;dfgfleq k|fs[lts lgodsf] vf]hLdf /Db5 / dfgj r]tgfleq /x]/ p;n] tL lgodx¿sf] JofVof ug{] sf]lzz ub{5. lj1fgsf ltg} lgodx¿sf] o'lQm;Ddt k|of]uaf6 dflg;n] cfˆgf] 1fgnfO{ ‰g\ eGbf ‰g\ km/flsnf] kfb{} nfg ;s]sf] 5. lj1fgdflysf] lrGtgdf s;}nfO{ s'g} c+s'z 5}g, g t o;sf] pkef]udf. lj1fgl;t lgtfGt lg/k]If /xg] ;fw'–;Gt dfq xf]Og o;sf dfGotfl;t km/s dt /fVg] cToGt} cfWoflTds kf/nf}lss r]tgx¿nfO{ ;d]t lj1fgsf cfljisf/ / ltgaf6 ljsl;t k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L nfe lng s'g} aGb]h 5}g. lj1fgsf] bz{gn] v'Nnf 5f]8]sf] oxL 7"nf] 9f]sfsf] sf/0fn] x'g ;S5, sltko cj:yfdf lj1fgsf] kl/efiff / o;sf] JofVofdf ;d:of klg b]vf kb{5. cfˆg} dlxdfn] clezKt x'Fbf lj1fgsf] kl/efiff klg y/L–y/L e}lbG5 / ckJofVofn] t p;sf] x'd{t g} lnG5, gq lsg l;sfO/xg' k¥of] sIff–sf]7fx¿df …lj1fg db{5 /f]P/===Ú egL. Pp6f dfq pbfx/0f oxfF– x'gt tL of]uL lbj+ut eO;s]sf 5g\Ù klZrd g]kfndf kfgL gk/]/ v]t afF‰f] lyof]. of]uLn] jiff{sf] k|fy{gfdf s'g} lqj]0fL 5]p xf]d nfpg'ef], d'/Lsf d'/L cGg—wfgÙ hf} £o" xfn]sf] cfuf]df 89fpg'eof] / JofVof ug{'eof] ls xf]daf6 lg:s]sf] w'jfFn] cfsfzdf u}sg jiff{ u/fpg d2t ub{5. pxfF To;nfO{ lj1fg;Ddt dfGg' x'GYof]. hals Tof] lj1fgsf] unt JofVof lyof]. lj1fgsf] cWoog–cWofkg;Fu} xfdLdf o:tf] JofVof -ckJofVof_ ug{] rng a]:;/L a9\g yfn]sf] 5. vf;df lj1fgsf] cWofkg xfdLn] leœofof}+, t/ o;sf] ;+:sf/ rnfPgf}+ jf a'‰]gf}+. o:tf] lsg klg e}/x]sf] 5 eg] xfdLn] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/nfO{ TofUg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ / gofF 1fg klg k"0f{ ¿kdf c+uLsf/ u/L g;s]sf] cj:yf 5. clg k/Dk/fsf sygx¿nfO{ gofF 1fg cyf{t\ j}1flgs 1fgsf] cfj/0f lbg vf]Hbf kf}/fl0fs syfx¿df klg xfdLn] lj1fg b]Vg yfNof}+. h:t}, xfdLnfO{ eGg] cft'/L x'G5 — xfQLsf] 6fpsf] ufFl;Psf u0f]zhL hLj– k|ljlwsf] pTs[i6 gd"gf x'g, xjfO{–hxfhsf] cfljisf/ -k'iks ljdfg_ ug{] …/fO6 a|b/Ú xfdLsxfF plxNo} hlGd;s]sf lyP. hals oyfy{ s] xf] eg] u0f]zhL kf}/fl0fs syfsf Ps kfq dfq x'g, k'iks ljdfg klg Pp6f sNkgf lyof]. tL s'g} j}1flgs k|of]uzfnfdf ag]sf lyPgg. clxn]sf] g]kfndf Pp6f /fd|f] s'/f s] xf] eg] xfd|f ;a} ljBfnox¿ -;+:s[t ljZjljBfnocGtu{t ;d]t_ df lj1fgsf] k9fO x'G5. s'g} a]nf lj1fg ljifonfO{ P]lR5s agfP/ k"/} k':tfnfO{ e'Q] kfg{ vf]lhPsf] lyof], ca eg] of] clgjfo{ h:t} ePsf] 5. tyflk, lj1fgsf] cWofkgdf k|of]ufTds lzIffsf] cefj / cjwf/0ff

ljz'4 lj1fgsf] dxŒj

ljsf;sf] sdhf]/ cfwf/lznfnfO{ eg] xfdLn] gh/cGbfh ug{ ldNb}g. ljZjljBfnotkm{ lj1fg sn]h / lrlsT;f, OlGhlgol/ª nufotsf k|fljlws ;+:yfgx¿sf] kf7Øqmddf klg lj1fg–bz{gsf] c;fWo 7"nf] cefj 5. o;f]x'Fbf lj1fg a'´g] / a'‰fpg] s'/f tfls{s / bfz{lgs geP/ k/LIffd'vL / oflGqs aGb} uPsf] 5. oL ;asf] kl/0ffd s] b]lvof] eg] xfdL hfFrdf /fd|f] c+s NofP/ lj1fg ljifo pQL0f{ u5f}{+ t/ Jojxf/df lj1fg -;xL lj1fg_ / clj1fg -unt lj1fg_ v'6Øfpg ;Sb}gf}+.

lj1fg hfFRg] s;L

;xL lj1fgnfO{ unt lj1fgb]lv 5'6Øfpg] ljlw s] xf] t < s'g} ljifoj:t' lj1fg xf] jf xf]Og eg]/ hfFRg] s;L x'G5 s:tf] < j}1flgs / lj1fgsf lxdfotL bfz{lgs clg lzIffljb\x¿n] lj1fg hfFRg] dfkb08 tof/ kf/]sf 5g, h;nfO{ xfdL lj1fgsf] kl/efiff, dfGotf, cfwf/ cflb eGb5f}+. ltg} dfkb08nfO{ ;/nLs[t ul/Psf] Pp6f ;fdfGo r]s–ln:6 oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M z lj1fg k|fs[lts ;+;f/df s]lG›t /xG z k|fs[lts ;+;f/sf] JofVof ug{' lj1fgsf] Wo]o x'G z lj1fgn] k/LIf0fof]Uo sNkgfnfO{ dfq ;d]6\b z lj1fg ;b}j k|df0fdf ljZjf; ub{ z lj1fgsf] ljsf; j}1flgs ;d'bfosf] ax; / cGt/lqmofaf6 x'G z lj1fg lg/Gt/sf] hfu[t pBd xf] z lj1fgsf] 9f]sf— ljgf s'g} e]befj ;a}sf nflu ;w}+e/L v'Nnf /xG. lj1fg k|fs[lts ;+;f/df s]lG›t /xG5 eGg'sf] dtna o;n] k|fs[lts lgodsf] cWoog ub{5. k|fs[lts ;+;f/leq xfd|f] jl/kl/sf ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts cjojx¿ kb{5g, h:t}M k/df0f', aLp– jg:klt, kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL, dflg;x¿, ;dfh / tf/fk'~h. ;fy}, oL j:t'x¿nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] pmhf{ / To;sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t klg lj1fgsf] ;+;f/leq kb{5. k|fs[lts ;+;f/eGbf aflx/ lj1fgn] ljr/0f ub{}g. h:t}Ù Psy/L dflg;x¿ d[To'kZrft\ klg hLjg x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; unf{g, t/ lj1fgn] To;sf] cWoog ub{}g, lsgeg] d[To'kZrftsf] hLjg k|fs[lts ;+;f/sf] lgodleq kb{}g. To:t}, hLjg s] xf], cfTdf 5 ls 5}g eGg] h:tf k|Zgx¿ klg lj1fgsf] lsQfleq kb{}gg. o; afx]s lj1fgn] cGo ;a} k|sf/sf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hb5M k[YjLdf ;aeGbf k'/fgf] r§fg slxn] aGof] < 9';Ln] s'g /f;folgs k|ltlqmofaf6 zlQm cfh{g ub{5 < a[x:kltsf] /ftf] wAaf xf] s] < cfsfz lsg gLnf] b]lvG5 < e}+rfnf]sf] sf/0f s] xf] < s'lx/f] s;/L jfo'd08ndf ;b{} hfG5 < Kofh sf6\bf lsg cfFz' cfpF5 < Hj/f] cfpFbf z/L/ tftf] lsg x'G5 < cflb, cflb.

lj1fgsf] d"n p2]Zo k|fs[lts j:t' / ltgsf lgod a'´g' xf]Ù Jojxf/df ef]ln To;sf] pkof]u

x'g jf gx'g klg ;S5. cfhef]ln ljz'4 lj1fgnfO{ kfvf nufpg] / Jofjxfl/s lj1fgsf] a9L

g} xNnf ;'lgG5. t/ s] la;{g'x'Gg eg] ;a} k|sf/sf] k|ljlwsf] ;|f]t ;}4flGts lj1fg g} xf].

lzIfs ebf} @)&$ • 

k|fs[lts ;+;f/ s;/L rN5, of] s]af6 ag]sf] x'G5, of] cfhsf] :j¿kdf s;/L cfOk'Uof] eGg] h:tf ljifosf] 1fg xfl;n ug{' / To;nfO{ kl/is[t ub{} n}hfg' lj1fgsf] Wo]o x'G5. zf:qLo z}nLdf eGbf lj1fgsf] d"n p2]Zo k|fs[lts j:t' / ltgsf lgodx¿ kQf nufpg' / a'´g' xf], Jojxf/df ef]ln To;sf] pkof]u x'g klg ;S5 jf gx'g klg. h:t} s'g} Pp6f k|f+ufl/s of}lusn] b]vfpg] k|ltlqmofsf] cg';Gwfg cyjf u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] cWoogn] xfdLnfO{ k|s[ltsf] lgod a'´g afx]s tTsfnnfO{ Jofjxfl/s kmfObf s] g} xf]nf / Û cfhef]ln ljz' lj1fgnfO{ kfvf nufpg] / Jofjxfl/s lj1fg jf k|ljlw ljsf;sf] hf]/–h'n'ddf a9L g} xNnf ;'lgG5Ù vf;ul/sg gLlt–lgd{ftf / Joj:yfkgsf clwsf/Lx¿af6 o:tf] ljrf/ cfO/x]sf] x'G5. t/ xfdLn] s] s'/f la;{g'x'Gg eg] ;a} k|sf/sf] k|ljlwsf] ;|f]t ljz' lj1fg g} xf]. h:tf] ˆof/f8]sf] ljB't\ OG8S;g lgodn] s'g} r'Das / ljB't\ kl/kyaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ phfu/ ul/lbof], / Tof] ljz'4 lj1fgsf] vf]h lyof]. pgsf] cfljisf/ ljgf kfgLn] 3'd]sf] 3§af6 lah'nL lgsfNg] cfhef]lnsf] hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] xfdL sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;Sb}gf}+. To;f] t hnljB't\ k|ljlwdf Go'6gaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt klg nfu" x'G. lj1fg hfFRg] s;Lsf] t];|f] a'Fbf cg';f/ k/LIf0fof]Uo sNkgf jf cg'dfg dfq lj1fgsf] clek|foleq kb{5g. s'g} ;f]rfO k/LIf0fof]Uo x'gsf lglDt o;n] s'g} tfls{s glthfsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] x'g'k5{. sNkgf u/f}+, sfusf] cfjfh p;sf] j+zfg'ut u'0f xf], o;sf/0f sfusf] aRrfnfO{ h'g;'s} jftfj/0fdf x'sf{P klg p;n] Tof] cfjfh lgsfNg ;Sg]5. cyjf dfgf}+ ls sfusf] cfjfh j+zfg'ut u'0f xf]Og, o;f]x'Fbf sfusf] aRrf h'g jftfj/0fdf x'ls{G5 ToxL cg';f/sf] cfjfh lgsfN5. oL b'j} cg'dfgnfO{ xfdL k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sb5f}+, o;sf/0f of] lj1fgsf] bfo/fleq cfof]. j}1flgs cg'dfgx¿ k/LIf0fof]Uo dfq eP/ k'Ub}g, To;nfO{ ljleGg JolQm / sf]0faf6 k|df0f h'6]sf] x'g'kb{5 / o;/L k|df0fx¿ h'6fpg' ;lhnf] s'/f sbflk xf]Og, t}klg j}1flgsx¿ o;df nflu kb{5g. ltgn] Pp6f k|df0fsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ hLjg ;d]t ck{]sf x'G5g. h:t}Ù lxU;–af];f]g eGg] clt ;"Id s0fsf] cl:tTjaf/] j}1flgsx¿n] ;g\ !(^$ df ljifo p7fg u/], o;nfO{ kQf nufpg pgLx¿nfO{ $* jif{ nfUof]. rfN;{ 8flj{gnfO{ k|hfltsf] pTklQ ;DaGwL l;4fGt k|sfzdf Nofpg @# jif{ kv{g' k¥of], To;f] t pgn] cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg g} hLj ljsf;sf] cWoogdf nufP. lj1fgdf o;/L k|df0f h'6fOg] x'Fbf of] s'g} wfld{s cg'i7fg jf ;Lldt JolQmsf] ljrf/ aGb}g / ha k|df0f h'6\b}g To:tf] cg'dfg :jtM vf/]h x'G. lj1fg hfFRg] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ s;L eg]sf] j}1flgsx¿sf] Jofks ;d'bfo xf]. s'g} klg gofF l;4fGt jf j:t' kQf nfu]kl j}1flgsx¿ To;nfO{ ;s];Dd Voflt k|fKt hg{ndf k|sfzg ub{5g, uf]i7L ;Dd]ngx¿df k|:t't ub{5g, ;f+uf]kf+uf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpF5g\ cyf{t\ cfkm" ;/xsf bf}+t/Lx¿n] rsf]{ :j/df To;sf] 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ub{5g. ck|sflzt cg';Gwfgsf] s'g} cy{ klg /xGg. o;afx]s cg';Gwfg sfo{df j}1flgsx¿sf] 7"nf] 6f]nL v6]sf] x'G5. ;g\ @)!@ df g]r/ eGg] hg{ndf ;+/lIft jgx¿sf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL Pp6f /rgf 5flkPsf] lyof], h;df b'O{ hgf g]kfnL j}1flgs;lxt @!^ hgfsf] gfd c6]sf] lyof]. yf]/} sfo{x¿df dfq Ps jf b'O{ ;Lldt j}1flgs ;+nUg ePsf

x'G5g. eGg'sf] tfTko{ lj1fg Jofks ;xeflutfsf] gd"gf / ;d"xn] lng] :jfldTj xf]. lj1fg lg/Gt/ cl3 al9/xg] ljwf xf]. s'g} s'/f kQf nUof], ca k"0f{lj/fd nfUof] eGg] o;df x'Fb}–x'Fb}g. ;g\ !^^% df /a6{ x"sn] Pp6f ;fdfGo ;"Idbz{s oGq k|of]u u/]/ sf]if kQf nufP, kfFr jif{kl5 No'j]gxsn] Ps sf]ifLo hLj kQf nufP. ;g\ !## df /a6{ a|fpgn] sf]ifleqsf] s]G› Go'lSnc;
kQf nufP. ;g\ !$@ df gfu]nL / a]g]b]gn] Go'lSnc;leqsf] qmf]df]hf]d kQf nufP, ltgn] qmf]df]hf]d 5'§f5'§} kQf nufPsf lyP, tL km/s b]zsf lyP. ;g\ !()@ df y'k|} j}1flgsx¿sf] sfo{af6 kQf nfUof] ls qmf]df]hf]dn] hLjx¿df Ps lk9Laf csf]{df j+zfg'ut u'0fx¿ ;fg{ e"ldsf v]Nb5. ;g\ !(@# df lyof]k]n; k]G6/n] dflg;df @# hf]8f qmf]df]hf]d x'G5 eGg] s'/f cufl8 NofP. qmf]df]hf]dnfO{ s]nfpFb} hfFbf To;sf] lgdf{0f 8LPgPaf6 x'g] s'/f kQf nfUof]. ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf /f]hflnG8 k|m]+lSng / df}l/; ljlNsG;n] PS;–/]sf] k|of]u u/]/ 8LPgPsf] cWoog u/]Ù s]xL jif{kl5 h]D; jf6;g / k|mflG;; lqmsn] 8LPgPsf] ;+/rgf kQf nufP, h;sf lglDt pgLx¿nfO{ gf]a]n k'/:sf/ klg lbOof]. ;g\ !(() df dfgj j+zf0f'sf] Pp6f dxŒjfsf+IfL kl/of]hgf Xo"dg lhgf]d k|f]h]S6 yflnof], Tof] @))# df ;DkGg eof]. t/ j+zf0f' ;DaGwL dflg;x¿sf] lh1f;f g;ls+bf] 5, cg';Gwfg hf/L 5. cGtdf, xfdLdWo] s;}nfO{ s] nfUg ;S5 eg] lj1fgsf] cEof; ug{ s'g} Pp6f lglZrt …;d'bfoÚ sf] ;b:otf lng'kb{5, lsgeg] xfdLsxfF w]/}h;f] cEof;x¿ o;/L g} rn]sf 5g. dlGb/df lje]b 5, ;d'bfo lgikIf 5}g. t/ lj1fgdf s;}nfO{ To:tf] sfvf–kfvf 5}g, s'g} klg k[i7e"ldsf] dflg;n] o;df k|j]z kfpF5, dfq s] xf] eg] lj1fgsf s]xL lgod jf dfGotfx¿ 5g
h;nfO{ xfdLn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg'kb{5, Tof] eg]sf] dfly pNn]v ul/Ph:t} ef}lts ;+;f/ jf a|Xdf08leqsf k|fs[lts lgodx¿sf] uf]r/ ug{] tTk/tf. lj1fg hfFRg] log} s;Lx¿sf] ;xL k|of]un] g} xfd|f] j}1flgs eljiosf] cfwf/ tof/ x'G.

Deciphered Title, Lecture notes of Philosophy

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Deciphered Title and more Lecture notes Philosophy in PDF only on Docsity!

lj1fg af]w 8f= lbg]z/fh e'h'

lj

ljz'4 lj1fgsf] dxŒj

lj1fg hfFRg] s;L

lj1fgsf] d"n p2]Zo k|fs[lts j:t' / ltgsf lgod a'´g' xf]Ù Jojxf/df ef]ln To;sf] pkof]u

x'g jf gx'g klg ;S5. cfhef]ln ljz'4 lj1fgnfO{ kfvf nufpg] / Jofjxfl/s lj1fgsf] a9L

g} xNnf ;'lgG5. t/ s] la;{g'x'Gg eg] ;a} k|sf/sf] k|ljlwsf] ;|f]t ;}4flGts lj1fg g} xf].

dlGb/df lje]b 5, ;d'bfo lgikIf 5}g. t/

lj1fgdf s;}nfO{ To:tf] sfvf–kfvf 5}g,

s'g} klg k[i7e"ldsf] dflg;n] o;df k|j]z

kfpF5, dfq s] xf] eg] lj1fgsf lgod jf

dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg'kb{.