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Unit - 1 Life Processes Living -Hon OAL. Complex organization of Molecules , Which performs Certoin Lhe processes Such ab yrowth, metabolism: Yeproduction etc. thar Uartinguish Ahem from ron - Living. modsrer Lite. Processes t- A Jonge number ob bidogical Procenser Continue a0 occur Which Yrequive energy. au these. Processes Which tagether keep the avin Organisms alive. and perterm the Jab ol body Mairtainance are Called ibe procemren. exp —> Nusrition, Respiration , Transport, Excertion Ar, ( LIFE B ——{ noises — GB Metabolism LL nm, aN Respiration yome FE FF Reproduction Excretion TS, Nutritio! — n NUTRITION Nutrition is detiend as the procera ob Intalce. bh Nutwient emd Gis Utlligation ky an Organiam W Vavjoun bibagical acHvities. Nugent abe. inovgans < as Well or orgaruc Substomece, Which He Organlam Obtain from jnelrc Surrounding. In orden 30 Symtesizge -theiv body Conbiituents, amd Use them o a Source ob Enengy: Mode of nutrition 1— Method of Obtaining food by the Ovganiamss \S Cotted mode nutyiton au the organvamns Cory be Claraifies] in three major Group « Ui) Autotrephic Nutrition t- HH As a Kind of nudyition Which the orgaricms Prepare Cor synthesize ) Meir aun oxgarac. hood UAL Zing Only the Merganic Yaw material presewh nN whe Surrounclingys : There. Owganism ane Called aQuboteophs- i) Heterotrephic mode. of nutrrilons t— Hetero —_—> other's , traphes —— Nutrition St is a Kind Nukcition mn which the organism derive. erergy from the intake_ and ig eation of the Organic Dubsstemces prepared bey Chute = ~Lropher and other Organic Sources » There Gne three. types of heterotrophic Nutrition (A) Saprophytic Nutrition t- Saprophytic Nurvition enb do Such kind of - Nutsition in Which the organisms derive their Nutrient fiom dead and elecaying ( rotren) omganic maditer. Example of Sabrophytes ane yeast; mucoy, Mushroom A feu crimals also absurb Soluble nutrient Yeom nen - Luing orgarie matter, Such a nutri ton Nn animals 4s calles Soprezeic Nutrition : Both Saprezcic and Saprophytic nutrition together ane, Called Saprotrephic Nutrition. ° The green bigment C chelrophyll) of green plants absorb Visible Aight» e A green Jest have menraphyll belween Upper and dower epidermis. The meraphyll 5 dihserentioted into balbtade and Spongy parenchyma Which hove. Chierencymatous Cols Wikich posses a jarge number Ob Chloroplast - The Complete process of photosynthesis, including Light Phase. grana Gnd dark phase Stroma, occur incide the Cholroplast + Co. ane H20 cre the Yaus material ber phetosynth- -esis- The Stomata , mmnute pore guarded by tuso Kidney Shaped guard Cally present On the epidermal Anyer's . 24,0 ——> 4H* + OO + 4e- Bn aquatic plants , the stomata ane absent ond absorption of Loder: Minero) and eh OCCU through the. genera] Surhace OF plants. The. mechaniam Of PHOTOSYNTESIS and deep Structure. of deol Can be eanil Y 4 Undessatand by help of following agra . stomata chloroplasts chloroplasts wall vacuole vacuole guard cells Open Stomata guard cells Closed Stomata Lamina or aa ay leaf blade Phloem Xylem Vascular bundle Waxy cuticle Upper epidermis Chloroplas Air spaces Guard cell Lower epidermis Mecharssam Sh Photosynthesis Complete precers of photosynthesis occune inside the. chloroplasts - CO2 and H,0 get Convertes) Mio Carbohydrates in presence of Ligh’: Qn first step chlorophyl! absorbs visible Lahti omd Creads Such CondjHons thot water break \no Ht, €- and On , Colle} photolysis. Proton and electrom Uses! Ub in the precducton ob Abdim) latory power in the form of NADPH and ATP This Step securs in the, gramum part: Nudyitien in Amoeba :— Amscba Ub an aquatic protozcan avimals . The mode Sh RtrS nutyiion Ja holozoic and the process of obtaining feod tb Coed pahgecytosia: Tre nukeitton ‘mvelyen fallouing your Steps i WW) “Ingestion :— St +ekem food through preudopodio Which help in JSocomalion and {pod Capture (through) fred Vacuole - wy Digestion '- food Lb Corwented Soluble berm in food Vacude_ oh the. help of Severe] higestive enzymer. Ci) Assit on | Enivs and UdUsedion of simple fed Components by the Ce tn Calied AvsrsimU ari on - Ov) Egestion tm Procehs, of elimination off Undigested teed iS Colled Egesti on + G 5: 33 ; => =p Food particia Pseudopodia Food vacule Nucleus Food particle Nutrition im Human beings Alimentoxy Canal ao 6 do “Hibe With musculor Walls, extended from mouth do anal ; nearly nine meter dong When Uncotled Consist oy Several organ Which Ghe followings « UWS Mousw '- Uppermost opening part Which guarded 1) +450 Solst movable prs: Mouth (Buccal cavity) Tongue r Ocsophagus \ H Diaphragm \\ Gall bladder (stores bilc) \ } Stomach Bile duct a / Liver Dp Ss Small Pancreas » fy intestine aSe A 33 { | WHS 4+ Large intestine (Colon) Appendix : Reese ; ; _ Anus UN Buccal Coral) Cavity !- Bounded by Ppalare , Hrroat F Jaws have L 2/2 co l/s Pm 2/2 m «als Inclmors Carnes 3 cut premolans molars3 grinding e St has three pairs of Salivary glands ‘— paratid , Sublingual ane submaxillary glands + These glands secrete Saliva which Contains Water Salts, Mucin And enzyme Ptyalin- * Enzyme ptyalin splits starch and glycogen into maltese Wy _Pharynx t= 12 Cm Jong funnel Shaped Vertical Canal provides a Link belween Gral Cavity and oesophagus Transverse Duodenum \ colon jy Jejunum Dipeptidas: Dipeptides —_—rrer Amino acids Maltase Maltose —_ . ‘Glucose + Glucose . Lactase Lactose Glucose + Galactose Sucrase | Sucrose Glucose + Fructose * Bericlen these, Small intestine Secrets Intestinal Twiee Which Contoivs a Mixture ef Several enzymea and they performs Protein, —> Amino Acid Carbohyelrates —> Gilucose. Fass, > Fakty Acid and glycerol © Nou ali tne products Which Soluble tn Water and Very Canily absorbed by Vili (wii) Longe Indestine !- shorter bub Winder: ? Shaped have. Villi but Secret, mucus. fer “tudacteadton. Labt Port IS 40 20 em dong Vertical) Column Called Rectum. the recum uialh Broiny absorbs Weaden rom Undig estes) feed | RESPIRATION Meaving of Teppiration is a Complex procera invalui ng Wy Gaseous exchange (Breathing } Ui) Cellar respiration (Break down of Simple feed ) W) Breacthing, '~ Qt ds a Kind of VenHlaHon in which the. Organisms dake Oxygen from He environment cms) Yeleane COr: 8n Mammals wb db a rhytamic | Movement of “muscles + Ui Cellutar Respiration !— at is a much more Complex process thot occune impicle *he dising Celts. St Ww the. Oridodion of renpiradory Substrod & (uilucase) Im the cells | im the Yeleose of Cor and Emergy : Types ch Cellular Respiration i— Dividesl into +30 Parts depercing Upon the ovalibolity of atmospheric oxygen: Wi) Aerobic Respiration | The oxidedive breakdown df reapiratorsy Substrote, Lith dhe help of atmospheric O, ls Known as aerobic veaprration: ; > Here Yeapivotory Swestrate Mice, Uilucose Completely broken down jnto ©0714 HzO and Gnrergy by oxiclation - W) Anaerobic Reaprrotion t- Oxidotion of Tespreatory Swhetrot & \n absence ob OKygen js termed %& anaerabic - 3t Jnvelves incomplete breokdown of reaprratory Substrate. In Which the end producer Such as ethanol ane datic acid arr formes) and Coz Us yelased - The Resipratory System In Human beings 2 System begins from extemal Nostrilt situahed ad the Llewer amd of the Nose . © Nasal Cavities pair Which 45 Sepreted) by Nano Septum and Separates) prom the oral Cavity by bony palate % hove, Cibfatedl Prcudotroti fi col Slane) Call and alkactory -epithelium which th Used 20 ear gor Warmed, Mostened, cluat lree ond acts, our oxen 5 Srnal respectively - Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Bronchioles Bronchi- : ip Ma Alveoli Diaphragm e Pharynx provides parses into trachea or Wind pipe Yrrough glotig The glottis bearg a teak dike- Cont lan gino us flop 1 the. epig lotta Buning Swoll- “Owing ithe epighoti® Closes the Brotha « ; HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | Nasal Cavity Throat Epiglottis Esophagus Trachea Rib Cage Pleural Left Lung -— Bronchi ALVEOLI Arteriole Capillary e The diving Cou pertorme AXidaHon ob Simple food ao vreknre energy » Colled aerobic veapiration , Which WHLize Or amd Yealease Cor. St Occurs in Cytosel 4 Mitochordria of Cella. This Cotabelic process wb Colled Celular “Teapivadion ' TRANSPORTATION Travaportation ts a dite procers In Which a Substance. Synthesizecl or abrsoybed in one part of the Oyganism dn Canried do the other parta of ds beds - qn human being , there are tu0 Civcubecrory Syskry U) Blood Vascular system Gy Lymphahe system Through Which Vericus Substances Such OF O02, C82, cligested feed. hormones , excretory products exc. ane. transported - U) Blood Varewar System t— A Vabuary System ua thet Which hay tuber Full of- fluid to be transported feom ome. place 40 another treough blood Vassels» * Blood ws a mobile. reddiah Coloured fi use} Ushich have, plasma and blood Corpwscles CRBC, WAC FT Platejets ) ® Blood Jowks Read dus sto the presence of oxygen Corrina haemoglobin Pigmenss . Some of the importank functors of the bleed Com be easily Undeastand by help of; following Hiagram - Respiratory Gland tee! = GFE if Urinary system Bleod han ao Property ob Clotting : The We act an a Soidiers by Killing Bacteria ' Blovd act ab a buffer ond maintains PH: H9 + oA. -—. Haez Blood Clotting in Tnyjury Tnjures! aes ruptured platelets Thrombdplantin Prothrombin Thrombin J Fibrinogen —— Fibrin (im Soluble ) ( Soluble’) J Polymerization and clot fermahi on 4 Heart have -+wo Pant& t- = Right ° Leb Each Pony agony Cobegari ous two Pants t- * Atyium and Puri cal © Ventricle © Heant howe 4 Valves t- © Tricuspid > Bicuypid (mitral) . Pulmonary * Aorta e 8t has a SA ( Sinoatrial Node) which generotes the puloer. e one. heat beat th Colled the Cardiac cycle St nvelves repeated vThythmic Contraction ( Colted Systele.) and relaxation (Diastole) of; heart muscles: Process ok. heant Con be Easily understand by help oF bellowing Lagram ond theory : > First of all blew Yesches inte right atrium Anrough Superior omd Inferior Vena Cavq» In thet Condition dvicuspice] Veluc Close Ushich exist between right abrivm and Verdricle - > Now bleed gees Iwo ight Vertricle from Nght atrium > With the pliwe of SA blood Telearen into lungs 30 take the 2 Are ugh pulmonansy Value ane Ontenyy: > This We Catted Arst ciycutation - > Abter taking 0. bleed reaches inte debt atyjum than Jebt Verrtricle through Bicuspid Valuc- > Now Compress the Venbricle, dnd bleed gees into Whole hody trough the Gertic anteries cmd sther Anivien- The Whole process \n Caied double Circulation becouse beth of Ventricles Compress togetherly Always ano blow the blood into Jungs omd body - > The blood How in the blood Vewels. Gt exerts a force. Aganiat The Walls of Versely: the [perce IS Cate) blood pressure amd measuring instrument: > Called) Sphygmomanomerer: Blood prepsyun<— become 26/0 Cervical lymph nodes Palatine tonsil Thymus ; Axillary lymph nodes Right lymphatic anc Spleen Cisterna chyli Thoracic duct Inguinal lymph nodes 
