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2018 MICROBE MISSION – TRAINING HANDOUT

KAREN L. LANCOUR

National Event Supervisor

National Rules Committee Chairman – Life Science

DISCLAIMER - This presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may be some changes in the

final copy of the rules. The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be

the official rules.

BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2018 EVENT RULES for EVENT PARAMETERS and TOPICS

FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL

TRAINING MATERIALS:

• Training Power Point presents an overview of material in the training handouts

• 6 Training Handouts presents introductory topic content information – 1 General Handout

and 5 Handouts for Major Areas of Microbe Importance

• Practice Activities – Sample Lab Stations with keys

• 2 Sample Tournaments has sample problems with key

• Event Supervisor Guide has event preparation tips, setup needs and scoring tips

• Internet Resource & Training Materials are available on the Science Olympiad website at

www.soinc.org under Event Information.

• A Biology-Earth Science CD, a Microbe Mission CD as well as the Division B and Division

C Test Packets are available from SO store at www.soinc.org

Event Format :

• This is a lab-orientated competition to answer questions, solve problems, and analyze data

pertaining to various kinds of microbes.

• Content topics for Division B and C are listed in the rules and the level of reasoning and math

skills should be consistent with the grade level.

• Be sure to check the event parameters in the rules for the resources allowed and type of

goggles required.

MICROBE MISSION AND OTHER SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EVENTS:

• Disease Detective – 2018 topic is Food Borne Illness (many are microbial caused)

MICROBES

• The term microbe is short for microorganism which means small organism – observed with a

microscope

• Over 99% of microbes contribute to the quality of human life

• A small minority cause disease – in humans by sheer numbers or producing powerful toxins

• The major groups of microbes are bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa & viruses

• In terms of numbers, microbes represent most of the diversity of life on Earth and are found in

every environment.

MICROSCOPES – See the 2017 MICROSCOPE REVIEW for a review of the Relative Size of

Microbes, Types of Microscopes, Parts of a Microscope and the Principles of Microscopy.

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2018 MICROBE MISSION – TRAINING HANDOUT

KAREN L. LANCOUR

National Event Supervisor National Rules Committee Chairman – Life Science DISCLAIMER - This presentation was prepared using draft rules. There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules. The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules. BE SURE TO CHECK THE 201 8 EVENT RULES for EVENT PARAMETERS and TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL TRAINING MATERIALS:

Training Power Point presents an overview of material in the training handouts
6 Training Handouts presents introductory topic content information – 1 General Handout and 5 Handouts for Major Areas of Microbe Importance
Practice Activities – Sample Lab Stations with keys
2 Sample Tournament s has sample problems with key
Event Supervisor Guide has event preparation tips, setup needs and scoring tips
Internet Resource & Training Materials are available on the Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event Information.
A Biology-Earth Science CD , a Microbe Mission CD as well as the Division B and Division C Test Packets are available from SO store at www.soinc.org Event Format :
This is a lab-orientated competition to answer questions, solve problems, and analyze data pertaining to various kinds of microbes.
Content topics for Division B and C are listed in the rules and the level of reasoning and math skills should be consistent with the grade level.
Be sure to check the event parameters in the rules for the resources allowed and type of goggles required. MICROBE MISSION AND OTHER SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EVENTS:
Disease Detective – 2018 topic is Food Borne Illness (many are microbial caused) MICROBES
The term microbe is short for microorganism which means small organism – observed with a microscope
Over 99% of microbes contribute to the quality of human life
A small minority cause disease – in humans by sheer numbers or producing powerful toxins
The major groups of microbes are bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa & viruses
In terms of numbers, microbes represent most of the diversity of life on Earth and are found in every environment. MICROSCOPES – See the 2017 MICROSCOPE REVIEW for a review of the Relative Size of Microbes, Types of Microscopes, Parts of a Microscope and the Principles of Microscopy.

CELLULAR LIFE - All cells have the following

Has a membrane that separates the cell from the outside world
Contains a nucleic acid as its genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Use their genetic material to produce protein – structural or functional as enzymes and hormones
Are composed of basic chemical as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, vitamins, & minerals
Regulate the flow of nutrients and wastes entering and leaving the cell
Reproduce and are the result of reproduction
Require a source of energy
Interact with their environment CELLULAR VS. ACELLULAR
Acellular – Viruses do not have cellular components, nor do they grow or metabolize organic materials. They generally consist of a piece of nucleic acid encased in protein which must use the cellular components of a living cell to reproduce. Prions ( pr oteinaceous i nfectious particles) are infectious agents composed primarily of protein which induce the existing polypeptides in host cells to take on its form.
Cellular – bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic cells while algae, fungi, and protozoa have eukaryotic cells. PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELLS Comparison
Prokaryotic – single celled microorganism (archaea and bacteria) with nuclear material but no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic – most cells – with organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Organelles of Microbial Origin

Eukaryotic cells are structurally and biochemically more complex than Eukaryotic cells
There is strong evidence to suggest that Eukaryotic cells came from aggregates of Prokaryotic cells that became interdependent and eventually fused into a single larger cell.
Nuclear material – is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria – have DNA similar to that of a Prokaryotic cell and can reproduce independent of the rest of the Eukaryotic cell.
Chloroplasts – also have DNA similar to that of a Prokaryotic cell and can reproduce independent of the rest of the Eukaryotic cell. BACTERIA Composite of possible structures for bacterial cell
Consist of only one cell – a prokaryotic cell
Live in all environments – even above boiling point and below freezing point
Are basically three shapes – spherical , rod, and spiral or helical
Exist as individuals or cluster together to form pairs, chains, squares, or other groupings
Some are photoautotrophic - make their own food as plants and give off oxygen – Cyanobacteria are also aerobic – use oxygen for respiration Purple and green bacteria are anaerobic
Some are chemoautotrophic - synthesize their own food using energy from chemical reactions
- important for recycling in nitrogen and sulfur cycles
Some have flagella - rotates like a tiny outboard motor, others secrete a slime layer and move over surfaces like slugs, while others are immobile.
Some form spores MICROBIAL GROWTH CURVE

Measuring bacterial growth: Optical Density: using a spectrophotometer to measure the turbidity (cloudiness) of a bacterial culture Plate counts: dilute and plate bacterial cultures, count the number of colonies that form to determine Colony Forming Units per mL (CFU/mL) Quantifying DNA or Protein: extract DNA and protein from bacterial culture and quantify using laboratory assays Isolation of bacteria Streaking for isolation: spread a heavy streak of cells with a sterile stick or loop; re-sterilize stick or loop with flame, pull cells from previous streak, and dilute by dragging stick or loop across plate; repeat until cells sufficiently diluted to form isolated colonies. Serial dilution and plating: dilute culture 10-fold (ex: 1mL of culture into 9mL of fresh medium); transfer same volume of first dilution to a second tube with the same amount of fresh media, generating a 100-fold dilution, continue until 10 6 dilution has been made; spread volumes of each dilution on plates; count colonies that form; determine Colony Forming Units per mL of medium (CFU/mL). Streaking for isolation: Serial dilution and plating:

BACTERIAL SHAPES, GRAM + AND GRAM -

Gram positive bacteria

stain purple under Gram stain
have a thick bilayer wall of the polymer peptidoglycan. Gram negative bacteria
stain red
have a thin layer of this polymer and an additional lipopolysaccharide outer layer, LPS,
often endotoxic - capable of initiating inflammation and cell-mediated immune responses
e.g., Salmonella , Shigella , and Escherichia. ARCHAEA
Are Prokaryotic
Similar to bacteria in many characteristics
Cell walls lack peptidoglycan + other differences
Origin very old - during formation of the earth
Extremely tolerant to heat, acid, and toxic gases
Found in extreme habitats in anaerobic environments to produce methane, high salt concentrations or hot acid environments
Involved in carbon & nitrogen cycles, assist in digestion, & can be used in sewage treatment ALGAL PROTISTS (ALGAE) diatoms
Are Eukaryotic
Found in fresh and salt water environments
Can live on rocks, trees, and in soils with enough moisture
Can carry on photosynthesis – produce large amount of oxygen for life on earth
Diatoms, Volvox , Clamydomonas , Spirogyra
Shells of diatoms – silica – mined to make abrasives
Algal blooms can use up oxygen in water – harming other organisms as fish

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS (PROTOZOA)

Amoeba

Protozoa means “little animal” – act like tiny animals - Eukaryotic
Hunt other microbes for food
Mainly feed on bacteria, also other protozoa and some algae
Digest food in digestive organelles
Ciliates, Amoebaes, Flagellates – organized by mode of transportation
Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena are examples
Most are not harmful – a few are harmful
Certain protozoa can cause dysentery and malaria FUNGI Yeast
Cellular level, more like animals than plants – Eukaryotic
Can’t synthesize their own food
Single celled as yeast or multicellular clusters as molds & mushrooms
Multicellular ones form filament like strands – hyphae
Grow best in slightly acidic environment – can grow in low moisture
Live in soil, on plants & animals, in fresh & salt water
One teaspoon of topsoil has about 120,000 fungi
Baker’s yeast for bread and brewing, some fungi are used for antibiotics, others are decomposers in the ecosystem
Some cause disease in humans, animals and plants – ruin ¼ to ½ of fruits & vegetables per year VIRUSES
Are acellular
Consists of a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) encased in protein and in some cases a membrane-like envelope
They come in many shapes
Found anywhere there are cells to infest
Exist to reproduce – must take over a suitable host cell
Uses the cell machinery of the host cell to reproduce PRIONS
proteinaceous infectious particles, associated with a number of diseases such as o Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans o Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) in humans o Alpers syndrome ( in infants), o Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) in humans o Kuru in humans o Scrapie in sheep, o Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or Mad Cow Disease in cattle o Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in wild ungulates such as Mule deer and elk
These diseases are characterized by loss of motor control, dementia, paralysis, wasting and eventually death.

Be sure to check the SO National website for the final 201 8 List of Diseases

2018 MICROBIAL DISEASES – 5 - 21 - 2017 (New in red bold) VIRAL DISEASES

AIDS • Mononucleosis
Chicken Pox & Shingles • Polio
Common Cold • Rabies
Dengue Fever • Rubella
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever • Zika
Hepatitis • Norovirus
Influenza • Yellow Fever
Measles
Mumps BACTERIAL DISEASES
Anthrax • Pertussis (whooping cough)
Botulism • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Cholera • Strep throat
Chlamydiasis (Chlamydia) • Syphilis
Dental Caries (tooth decay) • Tetanus
Legionnaire’s Disease • Tuberculosis
Lyme Disease
MRSA
Peptic Ulcer Disease FUNGAL DISEASES
Athlete’s foot
Dutch Elm Disease
White Nose Syndrome
Histoplasmosis
Potato Blight - Alternaria solani
Ringworm
Thrush PROTOZOAN/ALGAL DISEASES
Malaria
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
Naegleria
Giardiasis
Cryptosporidiosis PRION DISEASE – Chronic wasting disease and Kuru PARASITIC WORMS
Hookworm
Pinworm
Schistosomiasis
Tapeworm
Trichinosis NATIONAL TOURNAMENT – ADDED DISEASES IMPORTANT GENERA
Wolbachia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Partial preview of the text

Download Science Olympiad Material and more Cheat Sheet Science education in PDF only on Docsity!

2018 MICROBE MISSION – TRAINING HANDOUT

KAREN L. LANCOUR

BACTERIAL SHAPES, GRAM + AND GRAM -

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS (PROTOZOA)

Be sure to check the SO National website for the final 201 8 List of Diseases