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Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function, Exams of Nursing

Walden UniversityNursing

A comprehensive overview of skeletal muscle structure and function, covering topics such as the different types of muscle (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), the components of the sarcomere, the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, the steps involved in the muscle contraction cycle, the naming and organization of skeletal muscles, and the neuromuscular junction. The document also includes information on nerve conduction and the different types of muscle fibers. This detailed and well-structured content could be useful for students studying anatomy, physiology, or related fields, as it covers a wide range of important concepts and provides clear explanations and examples.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/06/2024

PREJONATO
PREJONATO 🇺🇸

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bios 252 exam 1 questions
and answers by A-plus
material
skeletal muscle - answer ✅✅- long, thin, cylindrical in shape
- multinucleated
- attached to bone & skin
- voluntary
- striated
cardiac muscle - answer ✅✅- short, fat, branched
- uninucleated
- in heart
- attached to intercalated discs
- involuntary
- striated
smooth muscle - answer ✅✅- in hollow organs
- ininucleated
- involuntary
- lack striations
excitability - answer ✅✅responsiveness to chemical signals, stretch, and electrical
changes across the plasma membrane
conductivity - answer ✅✅local electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that
travels along the muscle fiber
contractility - answer ✅✅shortens when stim
extensibility - answer ✅✅capable of being stretched b/w contractions
elasticity - answer ✅✅returns to its original rest length after being stretched
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Download Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

bios 252 exam 1 questions

and answers by A-plus

material

skeletal muscle - answer ✅✅- long, thin, cylindrical in shape

  • multinucleated
  • attached to bone & skin
  • voluntary
  • striated cardiac muscle - answer ✅✅- short, fat, branched
  • uninucleated
  • in heart
  • attached to intercalated discs
  • involuntary
  • striated smooth muscle - answer ✅✅- in hollow organs
  • ininucleated
  • involuntary
  • lack striations excitability - answer ✅✅responsiveness to chemical signals, stretch, and electrical changes across the plasma membrane conductivity - answer ✅✅local electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber contractility - answer ✅✅shortens when stim extensibility - answer ✅✅capable of being stretched b/w contractions elasticity - answer ✅✅returns to its original rest length after being stretched

organization of skeletal muscle - answer ✅✅microfilaments, myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle fascicle, and skeletal muscle endomysium - answer ✅✅thin sleeve of loose CT around each fiber perimysium - answer ✅✅thicker layer of CT that wraps fascicles fascicles - answer ✅✅bundles of muscle fibers wrapped together epimysium - answer ✅✅fibrous sheath surrounding entire muscle what are the components of the sarcomere - answer ✅✅z disc, m line, a band, i band, zone of overlap, thick filament, thin filament, zone of overlap, sarcomere z disc - answer ✅✅narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense materials that separate on sarcomere from the next a band - answer ✅✅dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments & includes those part of thin filaments that overlap thick filament s i band - answer ✅✅lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick filaments

  • z disc passes thru center of each I band h zone - answer ✅✅narrow region in center of each a band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments m line - answer ✅✅region in center of h zone that contains proteins that hold thick filament together at center of sarcomere fibrous (F) actin - answer ✅✅2 intertwined strands
  • string of globular (G) actin subunits each w/ active site that can bind head of myosin molecule troponin molecule - answer ✅✅small, Ca2+- binding protein on each tropomyosin molecule 1st step of sliding filament theory - answer ✅✅myosin pulls on actin, causing thin filament to slide inward
  • ratchet along filaments 2nd step of sliding filament theory - answer ✅✅z discs move towards each other, & sarcomere shortens
  • curling bicep function of nervous system - answer ✅✅take in info, process it, & send out a response central nervous system (CNS) - answer ✅✅- brain & spinal cord
  • enclosed by cranium & vertebral column peripheral nervous system (PNS) - answer ✅✅- entire nervous system except brain & spinal cord
  • composed of nerves & ganglia
  • somatic & autonomic afferent - answer ✅✅sensory integration - answer ✅✅interneurons efferent - answer ✅✅motor nerve - answer ✅✅bundle of nerve fibers (axon) wrapped in fibrous CT ganglion - answer ✅✅knot-like swelling in nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated layers of protection of brain from superficial to deep - answer ✅✅bones, meninges, CSF bones - answer ✅✅cranial bones & vertebral column meninges - answer ✅✅dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater CSF - answer ✅✅cerebral spinal fluid four types of glia in the CNS - answer ✅✅oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes oligodendrocytes - answer ✅✅form myelin sheaths in CNS that speed signal conduction ependymal cells - answer ✅✅- line internal cavities of the brain
  • secrete & circulate CSF microglia - answer ✅✅- macrophages
  • develop from WBC (monocytes) & become concentrated in areas of damage astrocytes - answer ✅✅- most abundant in CNS
  • create supportive framework
  • form blood-brain barrier

graded potential - answer ✅✅1. stim does not reach threshold level

  1. stim causes local change in membrane potential (ie: -70 to -60mv)
  2. it dies down over short distance
  3. can be summated
  4. does not obey all or non law action potential - answer ✅✅1. stim reaches threshold level therefore causes AP
  5. stim causes depolarization to threshold level
  6. it is propagated
  7. cannot be summated
  8. obeys all or none law voltage-gated channels - answer ✅✅controlled by membrane potential ligand-gated channels - answer ✅✅controlled by binding of a ligand to a membrane protein (either on outside or inside) mechanical-gated channels - answer ✅✅controlled by mechanical force on cell do skeletal muscles always pull - answer ✅✅yes H pattern - answer ✅✅physical exam to test extrinsic eye muscles 1st step of contraction cycle - answer ✅✅myosin head hydrolyzes ATP & become energized & oriented 2nd step of contraction cycle - answer ✅✅myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross- bridge 3rd step of contraction cycle - answer ✅✅myosin head pivots, pulling the thin filament past the thick filament toward center of sarcomere (power stroke) 4th step of contraction cycle - answer ✅✅as myosin head binds ATP, cross-bridge detaches from actin how are skeletal muscles names - answer ✅✅direction of fascicles, size, shape, action,

of origins, location of muscle, sites of origins & insertion of the muscles

deltoid - answer ✅✅triangular - ie: deltoid muscle trapezius - answer ✅✅trapezoid - ie: trapezius muscle serratus - answer ✅✅saw-toothed - serratus anterior

3rd step at neuromuscular junction - answer ✅✅Ca2+ causes vesicles to release ACh into synaptic cleft 4th step of neuromuscular junction - answer ✅✅ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft & bind to its receptors on the muscle 5th step at neuromuscular junction - answer ✅✅ACh binding opens ion channels & sodium rushes into muscle 6th step at neuromuscular junction - answer ✅✅if muscle reaches threshold (-55mv)at motor end plate, an AP occurs on muscle 7th step at neuromuscular junction - answer ✅✅ACh is broken down by acetylcholine esterase 1st step of muscle relaxation - answer ✅✅Once the nerve impulses stops the leftover Ach is broken down by ACHase (steps)

  • muscle fiber membrane is no longer stimulated 2nd step of relaxation - answer ✅✅potassium ions leave the muscle cell causing repolarization 3rd step of relaxation - answer ✅✅calcium ions are actively transported back into sarcoplasmic reticulum 4th step of relaxation - answer ✅✅linkage b/w actin & myosin filaments break 5th step of relaxation - answer ✅✅actin & myosin filaments slide apart 6th step of relaxation - answer ✅✅muscle fiber (sarcomere) relaxes dura mater - answer ✅✅tough outermost membrane enveloping brain & spinal cord arachnoid mater - answer ✅✅middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web- like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater pia mater - answer ✅✅delicate INNERMOST membrane enveloping brain & spinal cord dendrites - answer ✅✅receive data or signals from another neuron soma (cell body) - answer ✅✅contains genetic info, maintains neuron's structure, & provides energy to drive activities axon hillock - answer ✅✅controls initiation of electrical impulse based on the inputs from other neurons or environment
  • site of transition b/w cell body & start of axon axon - answer ✅✅carry electrical impulses node of ranvier - answer ✅✅allows generation of fast electrical impulse along axon
  • myelin sheath gap myelin sheath - answer ✅✅covers nerves & allows fast electrical impulses
  • made of protein & fatty substances telodendria - answer ✅✅major site for info output from neuron synaptic end bulb - answer ✅✅mediate signal for muscle contraction
  • found b/w motor neuron & muscle cell synapse - answer ✅✅connect neurons & help transmit info from one neuron to the next schwann cells - answer ✅✅produces myelin in PNS satellite cells - answer ✅✅cushioning support cells in PNS
  • supply nutrients to surrounding neurons
  • some structural function 1st step of nerve conduction - answer ✅✅polarization
  • sodium outside, potassium inside 2nd step of nerve conduction - answer ✅✅resting potential
  • nothing happens
  • waiting for impulse 3rd step of nerve conduction - answer ✅✅action potential
  • sodium ion begins to move
  • impulse copies into axon 4th step of nerve conduction - answer ✅✅repolarization
  • potassium moves out
  • impulse done thru axon & myelin sheath 5th step of nerve conduction - answer ✅✅hyperpolarization
  • potassium & sodium have switch places
  • nothing is moving
  • impulse is moving to next neuron 6th step of nerve conduction - answer ✅✅refractory period
  • everything is moving back to RMP