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SLP 251 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED 2026-20271! What is the ASHA definition of language? - ANSWER Language is a socially shared code or system used to represent concepts through arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations. What does it mean that language is a code? - ANSWER It is a shared system of symbols and rules. What does it mean that language is dynamic? - ANSWER Language changes over time. What does it mean that language is a tool? - ANSWER It is used for communication and thought. What does it mean that language is complex? - ANSWER It has many interacting parts. What does it mean that language is arbitrary? - ANSWER Words and symbols are not naturally tied to meaning. What does it mean that language is organized? - ANSWER It follows rules and patterns. Why is language remarkable? - ANSWER Humans can create infinite messages from limited symbols. What are the three domains of language? - ANSWER Form, Content, and Use. What are the five components of language? - ANSWER Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics. What is speech? - ANSWER The verbal expression of language using sounds. What are the four speech processes? - ANSWER Respiration, Phonation, Resonance, and Articulation. What are the three steps in the speech/motor process? - ANSWER Planning, Programming, and Execution. What is a phoneme? - ANSWER The smallest sound unit that changes meaning. What is IPA? - ANSWER International Phonetic Alphabet. Do you need speech to use language? - ANSWER No. Language can occur through sign language, AAC, or writing. What is speech without language? - ANSWER Meaningless vocalizations without symbolic meaning. Why is hearing important? - ANSWER It supports speech perception, language learning, and feedback. What is the difference between speech perception and auditory perception? - ANSWER Speech perception is understanding speech sounds; auditory perception is interpreting all sounds. What are the four steps in the communication process? - ANSWER Sender formulates message, message transmitted, receiver interprets, feedback occurs. What are the three types of feedback? - ANSWER Auditory, Visual, and Tactile/Kinesthetic. What are the three reasons we share information? - ANSWER Social interaction, behavior regulation, and joint attention/information sharing. What is phonology? - ANSWER The sound system and sound rules of language. What is morphology? - ANSWER The study of word structure and morphemes. What is syntax? - ANSWER The rules for sentence structure. What is semantics? - ANSWER The meaning of words and sentences. What is pragmatics? - ANSWER The social use of language. What is basic research? - ANSWER Research that expands knowledge or theory. What is applied research? - ANSWER Research that solves practical problems. What does ‘nature’ refer to? - ANSWER Biologically based language ability. What does ‘nurture’ refer to? - ANSWER Environmental influence on language learning. What is a theory? - ANSWER An organized explanation or prediction. What is evidence-based practice (EBP)? - ANSWER Combining research evidence, clinical expertise, and client values. Why is prosody important? - ANSWER It helps convey emotion, meaning, and sentence intent. What is rhythm? - ANSWER Timing patterns in speech. What is intonation? - ANSWER Pitch changes that convey meaning. What is pitch? - ANSWER The highness or lowness of sound. What is loudness? - ANSWER The intensity or volume of sound. What is phonological knowledge? - ANSWER Understanding sound rules. What is phonological production/expression? - ANSWER Producing speech sounds. What is a phonemic inventory? - ANSWER The sounds a child can produce. When are vowels acquired? - ANSWER Earlier than consonants. When are consonants acquired? - ANSWER Gradually throughout childhood. What is intelligibility? - ANSWER How understandable speech is. What are the intelligibility percentages by age? - ANSWER About 25% at age 1, 50% at age 2, 75% at age 3, and nearly 100% at age 4. What is phonological awareness? - ANSWER Awareness and manipulation of sounds in language. What is phonological awareness the bridge between? - ANSWER Spoken language and literacy. What is phonics? - ANSWER The relationship between letters and sounds. What factors affect phonological development? - ANSWER Hearing, exposure, anatomy, cognition, and multilingualism. What is a bound morpheme? - ANSWER A morpheme that must attach to another morpheme. What is a free morpheme? - ANSWER A morpheme that can stand alone. What is a grammatical morpheme? - ANSWER A morpheme that marks grammar, such as -s or -ed. What is a derivational morpheme? - ANSWER A morpheme that changes word meaning or class. What is transference? - ANSWER Influence from one language onto another. What is a dialect? - ANSWER A rule-governed variation of language. Is a dialect considered a disorder? - ANSWER No. What do children with SLI struggle with in morphology? - ANSWER Grammatical morphemes. What is MLU? - ANSWER Mean Length of Utterance. Why should caution be used with MLU? - ANSWER It can be influenced by dialect and bilingualism. What are types of sentences? - ANSWER Deciarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. What is CDS? - ANSWER Child-directed speech. What is the learning-from-input hypothesis? - ANSWER Children learn language from exposure and interaction. What is the mental lexicon? - ANSWER The mental dictionary of words. What does it mean that words are in a ‘fragile state’? - ANSWER Early word meanings are unstable. What factors influence word fragility? - ANSWER Frequency, context, and experience. What are the three tiers of vocabulary? - ANSWER Tier 1 everyday words, Tier 2 academic words, Tier 3 specialized words. What is lead-in language? - ANSWER Adult directs the child's attention. What is follow-in language? - ANSWER Adult follows the child's focus. What is ostensive word learning? - ANSWER Direct labeling of objects. What is non-ostensive word learning? - ANSWER Learning through context. What is a semantic network? - ANSWER Words connected by meaning. What is overgeneralization? - ANSWER Applying a rule too broadly, such as saying ‘goed.’ What is undergeneralization? - ANSWER Using a word too narrowly. What is self-regulation? - ANSWER Managing emotions and behavior. What are deictic gestures? - ANSWER Pointing or showing gestures. What are referential gestures? - ANSWER Symbolic gestures representing meaning. 
