Download Communication Disorders: Stuttering, Cleft Palate, Apraxia, and Voice Disorders Exam and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
SOCD Exam 4 With
Solution
What is the difference between the incidence and the prevalence of stuttering? What does that mean in terms of recovery from stuttering? - ANSWER incidence: number of new cases identified (5-8%)
prevalence: number of people in the population who stutter= 1%
How can stuttering affect one's life in school, at work, and in one's social interactions? - ANSWER school: children can have major academic setbacks from stuttering due to lack of wanting to communicate
work: it can lead to decreasing employability and feeling as if you cant speak up in situations (meetings)
social interactions: these could come as very scary to people who stutter and lead them to not want to talk at all
What are three ways a person who stutters wants a communication partner to react or not react? - ANSWER 1. do not finish sentences
- maintain normal eye contact
- do not say "just relax"
What are normal (more typical/other) disfluencies and how do they differ from stuttered disfluencies? Be able to give or recognize examples of all
disfluency types - ANSWER whole word repetitions: (with no tension and very few repetitions; ex: I-I-I want a cookie) phrase repetitions: (will you, will you please stop that)
interjections: (can we uhm go now?)
revisions: (he can't-he won't play baseball) syllable repetitions: (I like ba-baseball)
What is the "iceberg of stuttering?" - ANSWER above the water: things you see and hear like stutters, blocks, head nods
below the water line: not seen or head like avoidances, shame, fear
Where in speech does stuttering typically occur? (e.g., on initial words of a sentence) - ANSWER -At the beginning of words
-Longer words
-Words used less often
-In consonants rather than vowels
Do all children stutter? Explain your answer. - ANSWER no, its 5-8%
Around what age does developmental stuttering appear? - ANSWER between 2 and 5 years old
What is thought to be the cause of stutter? - ANSWER -evidence for differences in brain structure
-no definite etiology
-evidence for genetic component
What do we mean when we say stuttering may be a disability but not a
suergeon, prosthodonist, radiologist, pediatrcian, orthodonist, parents
What type of hearing loss is frequently observed in children with cleft palates? Why? - ANSWER -Conductive hearing loss because of the structural issue
-Fluid buildup in the middle ear
What is a fistula and how is it "managed?" - ANSWER -is a hole
-an abnormal connection between 2 body parts
Describe the communication problems typically observed in children with cleft palates. What communication problems did Steven have when he was younger? - ANSWER -Hypernasality due to the velopharyngeal closure inadequacy
-Pressure consonants
-Nasal emission
-Compensatory articulation areas like glottal stops
How might these disorders be treated? - ANSWER -through surgery
What is the general impairment in the nervous system when a patient has apraxia of speech? - ANSWER -Impaired ability to plan or program the sensory and motor commands
-Pure apraxia of speech has been traditionally associated with the left frontal lobe
-It is presumed that the lesion is localized specifically to Broca's area or deep to it
What are the speech characteristics of patients who have the following: Apraxia of speech - ANSWER frequent pauses, sound substitutions, and grouping to correct artic position
What are the goals of speech sound production assessment? What are some procedures for reaching those goals (e.g., get case history, complete standardized tests)? - ANSWER identify etiological factors, plan treatment when appropriate, make prognosis, monitor change
What are some prognostic indicators for success in therapy? - ANSWER lack of consistency (don't want them to make the same mistakes a lot), stimulable (can follow a model), ability to discriminate error sounds from the target sound (interpersonal: external, intrapersonal: internal)
The major goal of phonologic/articulation therapy is to ____________________________. In reaching that goal, the clinician must decide on which targets (e.g., speech sounds) to work on. What are the issues s/he may consider in choosing the therapy targets? - ANSWER increase intelligibility
What is meant by the statement that your voice is like a finger print? - ANSWER your voice is unique and we all have different voices
Describe how the pitch of one's voice changes with age. - ANSWER F lowers in women and get higher in men with advanced age due to atrophy in men
Explain how one changes the pitch of the voice. - ANSWER pitch change requires modification in VF length and tension
Habitual pitch - ANSWER speakers average fundamental frequency
Optimal Pitch - ANSWER most suitable pitch
Average F0 - Fundamental frequency - ANSWER number of times the VFs
contact ulcers/ granuloma - ANSWER small redden ulcerations, posterior to surface, bilateral, mild hoarseness, granuloma: can be due to trauma (surgical, etc.). reduce clearing of throat and mange reflux, surgery
laryngitis - ANSWER inflammation of the voice box, temporary swelling, hoarseness.
-vocal rest, lifestyle changes avoid smoking
papilloma - ANSWER wart like growths, caused by HPV, common in children under 6, non cancerous but can obstruct airway
treatment: surgical removed may reappear
webs - ANSWER can interfere with breathing, must be surgically removed, high pitch voice or aphonia, requires surgery
cancer - ANSWER -Psa smakong
-75% of patients with laryngeal cancer aare heavy smokers
-related factors: hpv, age, GERD
-persistent hoarsness
-remove larnyx (stoma)
What are some behaviors that are considered vocal misuse or abuse? - ANSWER limit alcohol, limit caffeine, hydrate, avoid loud dry smoky areas, avoid yelling, rest voice, use comfortable level, avoid "unnatural" voices, avoid clearing throat
crainial nerve damage - ANSWER CN X controls laryngeal muscles of phonation- starts in brainstem circles around and innervates the larynx for movements for muscles that move the cartilages of the vocal folds
parkinson disease - ANSWER a disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors **** hypo-kinetic (overall slowness)
ALS - ANSWER neurodegernative in both upper and lower motor neurons in multiple areas, flaccid (weak) and spastic (tense) weakness and eventually paralysis- peripheral and central damage
spasmodic bysphonia - ANSWER -strained, effortful, tight voice, intermittent voice, voice tremor
-botox treatnent- causes paralysis
muscle tension disorder - ANSWER -hyper function of laryngeal muscles caused by abnormal muscle activity in the absence of structural and
Direct and indirect behavioral treatments - ANSWER direct: modify vocal behaviors in some way physiologic: balance RPAsymptomatic: modify deviant aspect of voice
indirect: modify cognitive, behavioral psychological or physical environment ex) vocal hygiene, counseling
Treatments for voice disorders associated with benign structue abnormailities - ANSWER direct: teach to produce a voice that balances RPA
indirect: taught to modify vocally abusive behaviors
treatments for voice disorders associated with neurological diseases - ANSWER medication, therapy, voice therapy
Treatment for voice disorders with psychological or stress conditions - ANSWER convince individuals there is nothing physical wrong
What elective intervention strategies are used with transgender/transsexual clients? - ANSWER -SLP assist in chnaging voice and communication style following transgender reassignment
-Raise Fo when male to female, more forward resonance when male to female
