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Social Work ASWB Exam
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According to ___________ there are 8 distinct stages of development that each have 2 potential outcomes. - ANSWER Erikson trust versus mistrust - ANSWER Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met. autonomy versus shame and doubt - ANSWER Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies. Ages 1- initiative versus guilt - ANSWER Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them. Ages 3- industry versus inferiority - ANSWER The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent. Ages 6 to puberty identity versus role confusion - ANSWER fifth stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self. THE MOST IMPORTANT STAGE--when you begin to realize what is your role in the world. intimacy versus isolation - ANSWER Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self- sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation. generativity versus stagnation - ANSWER Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences stagnation (a sense of inactivity or lifelessness)
ego integrity versus despair - ANSWER sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego _____________ development is the emergence of the ability to think and understand through developments in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development. - ANSWER cognitve The 6 levels of cognition are: - ANSWER 1.) Knowledge 2.) Comprehension 3.) Application 4.) Analysis 5.) Synthesis 6.) Evaluation There are 3 domains of development: - ANSWER 1.) Cognitive (knowledge) 2.) Affective (attitude or self) 3.) Psychomotor (skills) Piaget was best known for his theory of _________________________. - ANSWER cognitive development The person who is most well known for their theory of moral development is ______________. - ANSWER Lawrence Kholberg _________________'s theory holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis of ethical behavior, has 6 identifiable developmental constructive stages. - ANSWER Kholber sensorimotor stage - ANSWER in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities preoperational stage - ANSWER in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic concrete operational stage - ANSWER in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events formal operational stage - ANSWER in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
- learning is obtained between people and their environment (interactions and observations)
- social workers establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur. ___________ theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. - ANSWER Behavioral 2 fundamental classes of behavior: - ANSWER respondent; operant respondent behavior - ANSWER behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Involuntary, examples: anxiety, sexual response operant behavior - ANSWER behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. walking & talking respondent/classical conditioning - ANSWER developed by Pavlov. learning occurs as a result of pairing previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the conditioned stimulus eventually elicits the response normally elicited by the unconditioned response. At what age are children aware of their gender? - ANSWER around 2 years old According to ___________________ there are 8 distinct stages of development that each have 2 potential outcomes. - ANSWER Erickson 4 operant stages: - ANSWER 1.) positive reinforcement 2.) negative reinforcement 3.) positive punishment 4.) negative punishment positive reinforcement - ANSWER Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. negative reinforcement - ANSWER Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) positive punishment - ANSWER The application of an aversive stimulus after a response for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior. Example: hitting or shocking
negative punishment - ANSWER the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring (removing something desirable such as a token or reward) aversion therapy - ANSWER form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior. example: antabuse biofeedback training - ANSWER a physiological and behavioral approach in which an individual receives information regarding particular autonomic functions (heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, etc) and is rewarded for influencing those functions in a desired direction extinction - ANSWER withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence. Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease. older adults (age 65-79) - ANSWER ages gradually; natural decline in some physical abilities, senses continues to be an active learner, thinker; memory skills may start to decline. Takes on new roles (grandparent, widow, etc), balances independence/dependence, reviews life middle age adults (age 36-64) - ANSWER begins to age; experiences menopause; may develop chronic health problems. uses life experiences to learn, create, and solve problems. hopes to contribute to future generations; stays productive, avoids feeling "stuck" in life, balances dreams with reality; plans retirement; may care for parents and/or children adult development (age 18-35) - ANSWER reaches physical and sexual maturity, nutritional needs are for maintenance--not growth, acquires new skills, information; uses these to solve problems. seeks closeness with others; sets career goals; chooses lifestyle, community; starts own family adolescent development - ANSWER grows in spurts; matures physically; able to reproduce, becomes an abstract thinker; chooses own values. develops own identity; builds close relationships; tries to balance peer group with family interests; concerned about appearances, challenges authority older children (age 7-12) healthy growth and development - ANSWER grows slowly until a "spurt" at puberty. understands cause/effect, can read/write/do math; active, eager learner. develops a greater sense of self; focuses on school activities, negotiates for greater independence young children (ages 4-6) healthy growth and development - ANSWER grows at slower rate; improving motor skills; dresses self; toilet trained. begins to use symbols; improving memory; vivid imagination, fears; likes stories.
cultural identity - ANSWER defined as the identity of a group or culture of an individual who is influenced by his or her self-identification with that group or culture. physiological needs - ANSWER these needs maintain the physical organism; biological needs such as food, water, oxygen, and constant body temperature. safety needs - ANSWER A person's needs for security and protection from physical and emotional harm. clients need regularity and some predictability social needs - ANSWER the need for love, companionship, and friendship- the desire for acceptance by others esteem needs - ANSWER need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others self-actualization needs - ANSWER the need to be the best one can be; at the top of Maslow's hierarchy. an ongoing process. attachment theory - ANSWER theory based on John Bowlby's work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival __________________ theories suggest that genetics are responsible for personality. Research on heritability suggests that there is a link between genetics and personality traits. - ANSWER biological _________________ theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. - ANSWER behavioral ______________ theories emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality. - ANSWER psychodynamic _________________ theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality. - ANSWER humanist ___________ theories posit that the personality is made up of a number of broad traits. - ANSWER trait ___________ theory is derived from the works of Karl Marx and posits that society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. - ANSWER conflict
According to ____________ theory, inequality exists because those in control of a disproportionate share of society's resources actively defend their advantages. - ANSWER conflict _______________ is how a client defines himself or herself, which is often tied to physical description, social roles, personal traits, and/pr existential beliefs.
- ANSWER self-image _______________ refers to the extent to which a client accepts or approves of their self image. - ANSWER self esteem _______________ refers to the way one perceives and relates to his or her own body, and how one thinks he or she is seen. - ANSWER body image authoritarian parenting - ANSWER style of parenting in which children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment; parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. This parenting style generally leads to those who are obedient and proficient, but are lower in happiness, social competence, and self-esteem. authoritative parenting - ANSWER parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children. Parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to their questions. When children fail to meet expectations, these parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. This parenting style generally tends to result in those who are happy, capable, and successful. permissive parenting - ANSWER A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior. These parents rarely discipline their children and are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. Often results in children who rank low in happiness and self- regulation, experiencing problems with authority and tending to form poorly in school. uninvolved parenting - ANSWER Style of parenting that provides neither warmth nor control and that minimizes the amount of time parents spend with children. Children tend to lack self-control, have low self esteem, and are less competent than their peers. family life cycle - ANSWER The emotional and intellectual stages you pass through from childhood to your retirement years as a member of a family Stages of the Family Life Cycle - ANSWER 1. family of origin experiences
- leaving home
What are the 3 main goals of treatment of addiction? - ANSWER 1.) Abstinence from substance 2.) Maximizing life functioning 3.) Preventing of reducing the frequency and severity of relapse. harm reduction model - ANSWER Refers to any program, policy, or intervention that seeks to reduce or minimize the adverse health and social consequences associated with substance use without requiring a client to discontinue use. What are the 3 stages of treatment for addiction? - ANSWER 1.) Stabilization 2.) Rehabilitation/habilitation 3.) Maintenance Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) - ANSWER Treatment for opioid use disorder combining the use of medications (methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone) with counseling and behavioral therapies. Antabuse - ANSWER A drug that, when combined with alcohol, causes violent nausea; it is used to control a person's drinking. Naltrezone - ANSWER a drug used to reduce cravings for alcohol; also blocks the effects of opioids closed systems - ANSWER systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environments; uses up its energy and dies differentiation - ANSWER becoming specialized in structure and function entropy - ANSWER closed, disorganized, stagnant; using up available energy equifinality - ANSWER Arriving at the same end from different beginnings Homeostasis - ANSWER the steady-state physiological condition of the body input - ANSWER Obtaining resources from the environment that are necessary to attain the goals of the system negative entropy - ANSWER exchange of energy and resources between systems that promote growth and transformation open system - ANSWER A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings; a system with cross boundary exchange output - ANSWER A product of the system that exports to the environment
subsystem - ANSWER A major part of a system which itself has the characteristics of a system, usually consisting of several components. suprasystem - ANSWER An entity that is served by a number of component systems organized in interacting relationships throughput - ANSWER Energy that is integrated into the system so it can be used by the system to accomplish its goals role ambiguity - ANSWER lack of clarity of a role Role complementarity - ANSWER role is carried out in an expected way (parent, child, social worker-client) role discomplementary - ANSWER the role expectations of others differ from one's own role reversal - ANSWER when two or more individuals switch roles role conflict - ANSWER Incompatible demands of different roles, such as the demands of a manager's superiors conflicting with those of the manager's subordinates. psychodrama - ANSWER a treatment approach which roles are enacted in a group context. Members of the group re-create their problems and devote themselves to the role dilemmas of each member. 5 stages of group development - ANSWER 1. Forming (preaffiliation)
- Storming (power and control)
- Norming (intimacy)
- Performing (differentiation)
- Adjourning (seperation/termination) groupthink - ANSWER When a group exerts extensive pressure on an individual to align his or her opinion with others' opinions. when a group makes faulty decisions because of group pressures. There are 8 causes: illusion of invulnerability, collective rationalization, belief in inherent morality, stereotyped view of others, direct pressure on dissenters, self- censorship, illusion of unanimity, & self appointed mind guards group polarization - ANSWER the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Occurs during group decision making when decision strengthens a dominant point of view and results in a shift to a more extreme position than any of the member would adopt on their own.
id - ANSWER a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. ego - ANSWER the component that manages the conflict between the id and the constraints of the world. Operates according to the reality principle--the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world. Its role is to prevent the id from gratifying its impulses in socially inappropriate ways. ego strength - ANSWER the ability of the ego to function despite competing demands of the id, superego, and reality superego - ANSWER the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations 5 stages of psychosexual development - ANSWER 1. Oral Stage
- Anal Stage
- Phallic Stage
- Latency Stage
- Genital Stage fixation - ANSWER according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved Oedipus complex - ANSWER according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father castration anxiety - ANSWER In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers. oral stage - ANSWER Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center. anal stage - ANSWER (18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control phallic stage - ANSWER Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals. latency stage - ANSWER psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious. 5 to puberty
genital stage - ANSWER Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence. compensation - ANSWER refers to the attempt to shed normal feelings of inferiority three self object needs - ANSWER 1.) mirroring: behavior validates the child's sense of a perfect self 2.) idealization: child borrows strength from others and identifies with someone more capable 3.) twinship/twinning: child needs an alter ego for a sense of belonging object relations theory - ANSWER the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior. A focus of Margaret Mahler's work; according to this theory, lifelong relationship skills are strongly rooted in early attachments with parents, especially mothers. 5 stages of grief - ANSWER developed by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross: 1.) Denial & Isolation 2.) Anger 3.) Bargaining 4.) Depression 5.) Acceptance What are the different types of abuse? - ANSWER physical abuse (infliction of physical injury) sexual abuse ( inappropriate exposure or sexual contact, activity, or behavior without consent) psychological abuse (emotional/verbal/mental injury) neglect (failing to meet physical, emotional, or other needs) What is the best predictor of future violence? - ANSWER past violence/a history of violent behavior static risk factors - ANSWER Factors that cannot be changed by interventions such as past history of violent behavior or demographic information dynamic risk factors - ANSWER Factors that can be changed by interventions such as change in living situation, treatment of psychiatric symptoms, abstaining from drug and alcohol use, access to weapons, and so on. How many ethnic and racial categories that are officially recognized by the US Census? - ANSWER 6
-Values: strong kinship bonds; strong work orientation; strong religious orientation; distrust of government; strong sense of pride Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander cultural factors - ANSWER -Family: Western concept of "immediate family" is completely alien, family is not restricted to those related by blood; ties that bind cannot be broken; cherish their ancestors; proud of their heritage -Communication: many different languages and customs; ability to speak English has a tremendous impact on access to health information, public services -Spirituality: polytheistic, believing in many deities; belief that spirits are found in nonhuman beings and objects such as animals, waves, and the sky -Values: importance of culture and welfare of all living in a community; focus on ensuring the health of the community as a whole; everyone has a responsibility to use his or her talents to the benefit of the whole; sharing is central Hispanic/Latino cultural factors - ANSWER -Family: extended family system incorporates godparents and informally adopted children; deep sense of commitment and obligation to family; family unity, welfare, and honor are important; emphasis on group rather than individual; male has greater power and authority -Communication: often speak Spanish; display varied emotional expressiveness depending on language being spoken; when speaking Spanish, client may be expressive, but may be more guarded in English. -Spirituality: most are Roman Catholic; emphasis on spiritual values; strong church and community orientation/interdependence -Values: wish to improve their life circumstances; belief in the innate life; respect for dignity of self and others; respect for elders; respect for authority; very proud of heritage--never forget where they came from sexual orientation - ANSWER refers to an individuals pattern of physical and emotional arousal toward other persons. People do not choose their sexual orientation, it is simply part of who they are. sexual behavior - ANSWER refers to sexual contacts or actions. It is important to realize that people's sexual orientation may not fit perfectly with their sexual behavior (what they do sexually). There are many factors that shape or determine sexual behavior and sexual orientation is only one of those factors. Sexual behaviors can be influenced by peer pressure, family expectations, cultural expectations, religious beliefs, and so on. sexual identity - ANSWER also may be very different from an individuals sexual orientation. Sexual identity is about the way people present their sexual preferences. People may have private sexual identities, which may be different from their public identities. Even private sexual identities, which
may be different from their public identities. Event private sexual identities can differ from sexual orientation or attractions. Many people who have experience same-sex attraction and/or have sexual contact with others of the same sex do not see themselves as homosexual or bisexual. transgender - ANSWER A term for people whose gender identity, expression or behavior is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth. Ethnocentrism - ANSWER an orientation that holds one's own culture, ethnic, or racial group as superior to others Stratification - ANSWER structured inequality of entire categories of people who have unequal access to social rewards Pluralism - ANSWER a society in which diverse members maintain their own traditions while cooperatively working together and seeing others' traits as valuable (cultural pluralism-respecting and encouraging cultural differnce) gender role - ANSWER a theoretical construct that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex gender - ANSWER refers to a set of characteristics that are either seen to distinguish between male and female, one's biological sex, or one's gender identity gender identity - ANSWER usually conforms to anatomic sex in both heterosexual and homosexual individuals. However, individuals who identify as transgender may feel themselves to be of a gender different from their biological sex; their gender identity does not match their anatomic or chromosomal sex. gender fluidity - ANSWER when gender expression shifts between masculine and feminine, can be displayed in dress, expression, and self-description The impact of the societal institution: Family - ANSWER -to control and regulate sexual behavior -to provide for new members of society (children) -to provide for the economic and emotional maintenance of individuals -to provide for primary socialization of children The impact of the societal institution: Religion - ANSWER -to provide solutions for the unexplained -to support the normative structure of the society -to provide a psychological diversion from unwanted life situations
6.) Judgement/insight: ability to predict the consequences of his behavior, to make "sensible" decisions, to recognize his contribution to the problem. 7.) thought processes/reality testing: thinking style and ability to comprehend reality 8.) intellectual functioning/memory: level of intelligence and of recent and remote memory functions differential diagnosis - ANSWER systematic diagnostic method used to identify the presence of an entity where multiple alternatives are possible comorbid - ANSWER existing with or at the same time; for instance, having two different illnesses at the same time contraindicted - ANSWER not recommended or safe to use delusion - ANSWER false, fixed belief despite evidence to the contrary (believing something that is not true) disorientation - ANSWER confusion about person, place, or time; may be permanent or temporary dissociation - ANSWER A disturbance in the normally integrated experience of psychological functions involved in memory, consciousness, perception, or identity. Common in clients with trauma. endogenous depression - ANSWER depression that appears to be produced from within (perhaps by chemical imbalances in the brain), rather than as a reaction to life events Exogenous depression - ANSWER depression caused by external events or psychosocial stressors Folie a deux - ANSWER Shared delusion. A person may develop delusional system as a result of close relationship with person who already has established system. hallucinations - ANSWER hearing voices or seeing things that are not there hypomanic - ANSWER Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that is less severe than full-blown manic symptoms (not severe enough to interfere with functioning and not accompanied by psychotic symptoms) postmorbid - ANSWER subsequent to the onset of an illness premorbid - ANSWER prior to the onset of an illness
psychotic - ANSWER experiencing delusions or hallucinations genogram - ANSWER A family diagram that depicts each member of the family and shows connections between the generations. Common signs of drug use for Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin - ANSWER Marijuana: glassy, red eyes; loud talking, inappropriate laughter followed by sleepiness; loss of interest, motivation; weight gain or loss Cocaine: dilated pupils; hyperactivity; euphoria; irritability; anxiety; excessive talking followed by depression or excessive sleeping at odd times; may go long periods of time without eating or sleeping; weight loss; dry mouth and nose Heroin: contracted pupils; no response of pupils to light; needle marks; sleeping at unusual times; sweating; vomiting; coughing; sniffling; twitching; loss of appetite somatization - ANSWER the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms Common neurological symtpoms - ANSWER headache, back pain, weakness, tremor, paralysis, poor coordination, changes in sensation, vertigo, loss of balance, slurred speech, fainting, confusion/delirium, changes in cognition, changes in the senses organic brain syndrome - ANSWER Temporary or permanent dysfunction of the brain, caused by a disturbance in the physical or physiologic functioning of brain tissue. Common behavioral manifestations of trauma: - ANSWER insomnia or fatigue, using harmful substances, keeping to oneself, overworking, lethargy, eating problems, drug or alcohol use, needing to do certain things over and over, always having to have things a certain way, doing strange or risky things Traumatization - ANSWER when a client experiences neurological distress that does not go away or when he or she is not able to return to a state of equilibrium Indicators of Traumatic Stress and Violence - ANSWER 1. Addictive behaviors related to drugs, alcohol, sex, shopping, and gambling
- An inability to tolerate conflicts with others or intense feelings
- A belief of being bad, worthless, without value, or importance
- Dichotomous "all or nothing" thinking
- Chronic and repeated suicidal thoughts/feelings
- Poor attachment
- Dissociation
