Solid Waste management in Nepal, Study Guides, Projects, Research of History

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Solid Waste Management

30 hours

Outline of this lecture

• (^) Solid Waste Management
  • (^) Definition
  • (^) History of solid waste management in Nepal
  • (^) Principles of solid waste management
  • (^) Municipal solid waste management
  • (^) Sanitary land filling
  • (^) Treatment of lechate

1. Solid wastes: wastes in Solid form •. (^) domestic, •. (^) commercial and •. (^) industrial wastes •. (^) Institutional •. (^) Others Examples: plastics, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash Kinds of Wastes

• (^) Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
• (^) Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers and others) Classification of Wastes according to their Properties

History

• (^) Solid Waste : A consequence of life
• (^) Waste Generation in a technological society
• (^) Materials Flow

Source: C. Visvanathan, 2006 (Modified)

2. Resource Value

3. Maintenance of environmental quality

http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/env_mun_was_gen-environment-municipal-waste-generation Municipal waste generation by country, 2007 Nepal: 147.7 kg per person per year

Solid Waste Hierarchy

Solid Waste Generation

From the survey results conducted by ADB in 2013, the average MSW generation can be estimated at 317 g/capita/day. Based on these per capita MSW generation figures and the population in 2011, the total MSW generation of the 58 municipalities is estimated at about 1,435 tons/day or 524,000 tons/year. Although it is lower than that reported in other studies, such as those of the SWMRMC, 11 the 170 g/capita/day from households and 317 g/capita/day rate calculated by this study appears to be reasonable. For example, this study revealed a household waste generation rate for KMC of 232 g/capita/day, which is similar to the data presented by JICA (2005). 12 Data from the 440 households in KMC that took part in the JICA study yielded an average generation rate of 240 g/capita/day. In their frequency plot, most sampled households generated 100– g/capita/day, which is in general agreement with the results of this survey.

Waste Generation

• Source: C. Visvanathan,
• Source: C. Visvanathan,

Collection and Transportation

• (^) Discuss types of collection mechanisms
• (^) The study found that about 30% of surveyed households in the municipalities practice segregation of waste at source; which means that waste generated from about 70% of households in municipalities goes to the stream for collection and disposal by the municipalities in the form of mixed waste.
• (^) The households surveyed in some of the municipalities, especially from the rural wards, were found to segregate kitchen waste for their own purposes, such as feeding cattle.
• (^) Even though 21 municipalities have conducted some activities to promote waste segregation at source in recent years, effective and large-scale segregation programs are yet to be implemented by most municipalities. It was also reported that waste segregated at source is sometimes mixed again during collection and transport due to the lack of separate collection and treatment methods.
• (^) Analyzing the information provided by the municipalities, the present collection efficiency ranges between 70% and 90% in major towns and is below 50% in several smaller municipalities (Appendix 4). On average, the collection efficiency among the municipalities that have estimates is 62%. However, this may be overestimated by the municipalities due to the lack of scientific recording systems.