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Solution to CFI
Maneuvers exam
Solution to CFI Maneuvers exam Steep Turns AFH (9-2) - answer -Steep Turns (AFH 9-2) Objective: To teach the student to fly in a steep bank, maximum performance turn while using inside and outside references Explanation: max performance maneuver, to teach you how to maintain altitude and speed under increased load factor and steep bank. Cruise power settings, roll into the bank from straight and level, once past 30 degrees of bank increase rpm 200 to cater for load factor because speed will want to drop. The lift is being reduced past 30 degrees bank, so increase angle of attack to account for loss of lift. Once at 50 degrees of bank, glance at PFD for speed, bank, altitude, then look outside to make two reference points so you can maintain/adjust. Keep repeating throughout the 360 turn. 25 degree short of turn roll
out to straight and level keep rolling into the next turn and repeat steps above. Methods of teaching - dissect the maneuver by learning one part at a time, holding bank for an a few turns, then add in a constant airspeed, etc. Breaking the maneuver into parts will be easier for the student to digest 45ยฐ ยฑ 5ยฐยฑ 100'ยฑ 10 knotsยฑ 10ยฐ heading 50ยฐ ยฑ 5ยฐยฑ 100'ยฑ 10 knotsยฑ 10ยฐ heading Common Errors: โ Improper pitch, bank, and power coordination โ Uncoordinated use of flight controls โ Loss of orientation โ Improper procedure in correcting altitude deviations Piper: 1,500 AGL, 100 KIAS, 2,300RPM, Clean Config Steep Spirals (AFH 9-4) - answer -Objective: To perform at least consecutive, steep-banked, gliding turns around a reference point at a constant airspeed compensating for wind drift
1500' AGL +/= 10 knots +/-10 heading Common Errors โ Improper pitch, bank, yaw, and power coordination during entry or completion โ Uncoordinated use of flight controls
Lazy Eights (AFH 9-6) - answer -At point:- Altitude +/- 100 feet from entry altitude- Airspeed +/- 10 knots from entry airspeed- Heading +/- Explanation: Controlling the plane on all three axis' simultaneously, pitch, bank, and roll are coordinated so you arrive at certain positions all together. All by sight, trying to fly the maneuver off instruments correctly, is very difficult. Using a straight road is the best way to set yourself up for success so you know what angle you're at 45,90,135etc. Do not let the airplane drop on its own. You have to manage the pitch past the 90 degree point. Common Errors: โ Poor selection of reference points โ Uncoordinated use of flight controls โ Unsymmetrical loops resulng from poorly planned pitch and bank atude changes โ Inconsistent airspeed and altude at key points โ Loss of orientaon โ Excessive deviaon from reference points Piper: >1500'AGL, Clean Config. 100KIAS Rectangular Course (AFH 6-6) - answer -Objective: To teach the student how to fly a ground track equidistant from all sides of a rectangular area on the ground, accounng for wind
effects while maintaining constant altude and airspeed while using inside and outside references 600-1000' AGL +/-100' +/-10 knots Common Errors: โ Poor planning, orientation, division of aenon โ Uncoordinated flight control applicaon โ Improper correcons for wind dri โ Failure to maintain selected altitude/airspeed โ Selecon of a ground reference without a suitable emergency landing area within gliding range Piper: 90 KIAS S-Turns Across a Road (AFH 6-10) - answer -Objective: To teach a student how to fly a series of S-Turns across a linear ground feature, with semi-circles of equal size and shape, accounng for wind effects while maintaining constant altude and airspeed Explanation: Same principles apply, look at the road and notice the radius changing, adjust bank accordingly. Only additional step you need to take is being perpendicular to the road when crossing the road. Size of radius does not matter for the turn. 600-1000'AGL +/-100' +/-10 knots Common Errors: โ Faulty entry technique
Common Errors: โ Faulty entry technique โ Poor planning, orientaon, division of aenon โ Uncoordinated flight control applicaon โ Improper correcons for wind dri โ Unsymmetrical ground track โ Failure to maintain selected altude and airspeed โ Selecon of a ground reference without a suitable emergency landing area within gliding range Piper: Clean Config; 90KIAS Eights on Pylons (AFH 6-14) - answer -Objective: To fly around each pylon at the exact pivotal altitude. Maintain pylon posion using appropriate pivotal altude, avoiding slips and skids. Explanation: Pivot the aircraft on a point while catering for pivotal altitude. To keep the wing attached to the point, pivotal altitude will change due to ground speed. Higher ground speed, higher the altitude and visa versa. Cheating method, Find a straight road, pick a point and start your turn. Once you level out, keep the turn going to the right and where ever the wing falls is your point. Distance between points doesn't matter, the 8's just have to be symmetrical.
Common Errors: โ Faulty entry procedure โ Poor planning, orientaon, and division of aenon โ Uncoordinated use of flight controls โ Use of an improper "line-of-sight" reference โ Applicaon of rudder alone to maintain "line-of-sight" on the pylon โ Improper planning for turn entries and rollouts โ Improper correcon for wind dri between pylons โ Selecon of pylons where there is no suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance Piper: Pivotal Altitude, Clean Configuration; 2300 RPM; 100 KIAS Maneuvering During Slow Flight (AFH 4-3) - answer - Objective: To understand the flight characteristics and how the airplane's flight controls feel near its aerodynamic buffet or stall-warning. Explanation: flying the aircraft just above stall speed to show the effectiveness of the flight controls. Entering slow flight, reduce power accordingly while maintaining the same pitch. Once below 102 smoothly add full flaps while keeping the same pitch.
Piper: >1500 AGL; 1500 RPM, Clean Configuration; Slow to 70 KIAS Power on Stall (AFH 4-9) - answer -Objective: To teach the student how to recognize and recover from a stall in the takeoff or departure configuration Explanation: learning to recover from a stall when pitched to high on departure or on a go around. Pitch down to normal climb attitude of 76, and the aircraft is instantly recoverable. Straight: +/- 10 degrees on the heading; Banking Up to 20 degrees Common Errors: โ Failure to establish specified gear/flap config โ Improper pitch, bank, yaw โ Rough/uncoordinated control procedure โ Failure to recognize the first indicaon of stall โ Failure to achieve a stall โ Improper torque correcon โ Poor stall recognion and delayed recovery โ Excessive altude loss/excessive airspeed during recovery โ Secondary stall during recovery Piper: >1500' AGL; Slow to 70 KIAS
Power Off Stall (AFH 4-8) - answer -Objective: To teach the student how to recognize and recover from a stall in the landing configuration Straight: +/- 10 degrees on the heading; Banking Up to 20 degrees Explanation: Learning to recover from a stall on the approach to landing. Stable decent of 66kts, power idle and maintain a level pitch attitude like you're trying to extended the landing. Once the stall occurs, full power, flaps 10, and bring nose slightly below horizon. At 55kts start to pitch the nose to 64kts, positive rate flaps 0 Common Errors: โ Failure to establish specified gear/flap config โ Improper pitch, bank, yaw โ Rough/uncoordinated control procedure โ Failure to recognize the first indicaon of stall โ Failure to achieve a stall โ Improper torque correcon โ Poor stall recognion and delayed recovery โ Excessive altude loss/excessive airspeed during recovery โ Secondary stall during recovery
torque. Look at end of runway, lift nose slightly to extend strut, hold that pitch attitude, airplane will go airborne at rotation speed, pitch for 76, trim for 76, glance at ASI, then back to outside references. Short Field Takeoff - answer -Sid Explanation: Short runway, TO in shortest possible distance and clear obstacles(50ft). Use entire runway, accelerate as fast as possible, hold brakes, full power, let RPM catch up (don't count 1,2,3), lift nose slightly to extend strut, hold that pitch attitude, airplane will go airborne at rotation (55KIAS) and pitch for 64. Positive rate of climb then reduce flaps accordingly. Soft field takeoff - answer -Sid Explanation: Taxi yoke full aft to keep pressure of nose wheel, taxi very slowly so we don't have to apply brakes, wide turns to prevent side loading. Rolling TO so we don't have to apply brakes, yolk remains full aft. Power to 2000, check engine instruments, full power, right rudder for torque, once nose wants to pop up, slightly lower the nose to prevent tail striking. Hold that pitch attitude, the aircraft will get airborne premature because of ground effect, smoothly lower pitch to level attitude with the ground to remain in ground effect. At 64 pitch the nose up to clear any obstacles, once over obstacles reduce flaps and pitch for 76 and trim, glance at ASI to verify. Normal "stabilized" app - answer -Configure/checklists, reduce power as required, maintain pitch, below 102KIAS lower flaps and push the nose down, glance at rpm and set 1500, trim the pressure off your hands for 76kt decent, glance at the runway, ask yourself where you are, 45 degrees etc? Make the turn, make
mental note if you turned alittle early or late so you can adjust. Hold pitch throughout the turn, once on final set the correct aiming point and hold it there Normal Landing - answer -Sid Explanation: maintain the aiming point until you are ready to flare out, transition eyes to the middle of the runway so you have perspective to your height above the runway. Once flare out, eyes transition to the end of the runway. Using the end of the runway as the horizon, when you notice the plane starting to go down increase the pitch to stop the plane from going down. Repeat every time the plane wants to start to go down. Once the mains touch the ground momentum will want to lower the nose, so increasing the pitch just alittle bit to prevent the nose to touch. If a minor balloon happens, MAINTAIN the pitch attitude and the plane will recover, reducing the angle of attack during the balloon reduces lift. Short field landing - answer -Sid Explanation: Short runway, has 50ft obstacles before the runway. Have to clear the obstacles so it requires a little steeper and slower approach(60-63kts), we want use full flaps to prevent floating. Lower the nose wheel down smoothly and quickly as possible. Reduce flaps to 0, max braking without skidding, max aerodynamic braking. Soft field landing - answer -Sid Explanation: Soft surface and want to land as soft as possible, normal app with full flaps, can be done 2 ways, slightly faster approach or adding power during ground effect. Land smoothly so we don't
