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Solution unit-I for Class 12th CBSE/HBSE, Lecture notes of Chemistry

Chemistry

Solution unit-I for Class 12th CBSE/HBSE

Typology: Lecture notes

2025/2026

Available from 05/10/2026

Rachna_1986
Rachna_1986 🇮🇳

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Radhey Shyam Chemistry Point
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oan Clea XE DAC eccccecccesees v ( Solutfons ante hamogen cous micduste of he kona on — _mnaste than tid. compounds.» _ _ ; «Ts com, i Hen and. pestle ane. unkfoum, m that — “thebtates, a =e waif * The_golistiea 4100 08 nent 1 suefeutel t to. as bin — __ dilations 1 mpm co ray made * The rr ‘Waa thet uyut “ua nity cated TO + lent deteumine. the phypteal state In whieh golutton extite a + Ont_on_maue compenenly psent tn the solutfon othe: than noms: -—glvent_ ame called solutes. seen — a ee ofwluil = me Heng. H.. “Solvent OUtlean men, ample a ; on. to Gostow gl bias ras Micdwre fos and ny | teen Liquid eas —thlosin fosimmied uofth Ny. a _ Solid Gad Camphost..in Ny ae _ = — diquid gol” _ bas Utd Dy. diyalued tn. wate | ~ a Liquid tit tucne dtsolued in. vodlr = : _— _Soltd liquid _ Glucose " nf sg 2 Gilt Sl” as Soltd Sol oh Hy hr palladlam co tat aw boltd op inalgan am... pid th. sila. a cone soll Solid ~ Alloy >t Tat; seeavscaneaniee —Expuening ‘cencentuiatlen baile on ee © Mow ous pracenings (fy) — — Ma. ‘hs Aso compounds “Neus the component fate wal” ye 10 — _ Total mass “y gol ae Se lD ye of pucnse tn waren b fo 4 lease. dtsolued. i fat ° atest = lool = ope ne wen pencenttage wed Of q fndustufal chomfeal application ee. ommencial bleaching gol* 23-62 mars. = pescenlg + af sodlum— nytt fn wodtesto / . © Allume. _peicen. tage yw _ Volume of a component = volume. of ihe conpansat X.100 - _ Total volume sf sol” a 10 fo. ethanol. solutfon 4 ata) water . Om ml sh chanel: |-fn_looanl.. vp soluifan _ al utton “pentafat _Uf guids arte. comm. only. Mewed - pe Bie Culyy ethene pipeal = d eueezre.. wa. Used tia_eaa_ _toolta ine: 3. lowe. fawectig pate of. vaiek to. - vel MWe OO _ Oo Moss by. volume. eucenta (up) = FB - Hhe mas of oe —_solaken disolved in joo me of the solutfen Lament} an used. fn enedicine — and phaamnaty. Spiral ee Fbaches’s Sigh secon =? Th ic _tesed Pe ati se some rox phelps to. theo!” 7. > Mapoust peuste ond .conce solutiens a @ Nolasal w(t) TR derfned oy no+ of moles solute 2) Maley ( fo) Dhue. Ef a bm “pela —aely = Moles of solute _elurne.- spot Soe a Foss example 2 0+88 ent J (0954) soluifon ofr Balle 2 0295 e001 ._of. NaOH dPstolued $n | BP. yell. ann * Beles ie -fanciten a}. Fernper atu * Volume depend —en- -fernpestalute w Holaltty (mn) = Tt ts dePined os the Moe moles}, the _.. Solute... pest fel “pan. ie of the. ee ne sane Molality =. =. mole3 4. solute _ Mass oh “solv ent fofey a A _— Qe teal py (1mm) solution, Ref un 4. See _ ~—Prnale EtueS of tek as dissolved fn Leg tpioaens—— * Molatt} Hy. is. {independents Hempeaatute Mass deesnot- depend. a. on dempe _ Ques Asal” of f glercose (. Lino madg...> 18.0 molt) 10. ater labelled . 0. 10% ee Pathe 4 would. te he, molaltty _tund.. aa of, the sol salut nO _| 2 Cdenstty. of sohctfon = 12.4 mt) i fins Gauese => 10.% by nnas.).__ Bros fol” = 0 it ° Nass f a gine = LOG Volume. : _ olution = jong. _ IQ = 100 = Jo 9 Volume. = Loo mi mY tebe = lon-to Volume fog _ ha ss...6f-solvenct fr Jeg ne AD ROMO OD eel KOI KOO O _ ibe 4 @O 700 - Matalfiy= nvr of enalta sh solute —Madastly = .n0%ef moles | — spo Defoe __tan be~ dtssolued. -fna_specifte amount of solvent ato Sobubiltly Scubtltty of cowbstance 1s maximum amountthat | a specified -benpest atuitee . + Te depends upon > natute of solute ond solvent a —-——-_tempesrataite _gnd_prredswrte ts i __ Solubilt y of a solid fog Liquid _— Every solid doesnot .disolug ino fuer Liquid: _ # Math and sugast_diisolue_fn_wa fete i+. Naphihalene...andanths dene, dfsolue tn benzenee sag * Non =p. sloe dts to. palon_ sole a Le: ea nn cern a q omg. Secrat TO gachier’S Sign rca ~ meng Solid 00d. “tiyuid + Ta compresible —_ ~ *_ ~Uregfecled ty change in paessiuie —_ _ — S_Selubilty gas fn. Liga Le — ie + Tho. solubility 4. 9.0985. “Focteae with Pneease of pitestinte«.. 7 He aha the. unlue. Kyat a. O..Guwety_ wensute , the Jowet iain * ay" » i a . ws - Teanpesadbut elk eH Lkban_ a *|) 93, . —|Wyedd 7 oc Hy 893 696 ce |. ee: Se A 07 ce BOG OB BY a OM aR a) net ae M6 +B) = pape cute. «ne ni 7 ald wootey than 3 DOIN. afoot: o - Guy Calentate + age k _ Ch. . Sa nates at 08 I. ‘undey _ 460 ron. Ha why of 0, InOaley ab eqde § be bytof m.n-Hy » “dad Ps Hg . . = 125 Y 106mm. ae ggg ne ~ Ghacher' Sig: — 4s 3 Anoyia.§ in eLinbou 2 Ton - - a oo co AE. high. “aliftude the. pital pues x. oxygen. ty esse #_TRis Leads. 40 low_ rong 4 oxy Jenin the bi 90d and. Wasuee _ os Th causes elinber to beara ote cand unt dot _ — Hana Anovtas sett E Dect. at emporaticie Ka Gas + Uyutd solvent = SiluHion. AH sve levotheumie) a le Chactelfen Palacip— a _ + solublltty. of gust th, Upifd desteaes TH ih Talemponae, — Mapas peste oh Lig Asuitfonss”. te. Lyall. “solutfons_avte. formed. when soluint Hysid- — oo 7 * Solete-_tan. bes 0. ps yo. Squid art a soltde * “gol Luctfon,- 7 Migutds ‘ond ‘sols fra & yulds — #_ Such sol? may. contain one or more volatfle. companens 2 x oe menally >the Liguid. . Aol eat %-uola Hlee + Theale i a + Binany. sol i Ke en de ci _ - Teacher's Sigtt oversee gost pana Siguid- Aiguldselutfoo x ginaty, _$0 Lutfen_ 400 saat Lip. _ 8 aeheds Py , + Cloyed versed» _ ~ cee YG - a . pode hy *. Both» camponent evaporate: aa yl prenesy. i ne aie a, <9 oo, ae Spb oul be. establthed. belween ve -vapous Phaseal “and __ nn ny ll ‘ee vOpout pMessiurte oh com dinectly. min toits mole. _ ifn) solutions - _ eee entrees ommend Py ot YX. iy Senat — - Teacher's Sigtt sneer _ “ Nae facon Y= 1 _ : : Ideals sol" _ _ nce —Raults law. ee 7 Prom = te, Xe _t i xX ys oe a eee 0X) oh. “0k. i. : . eS bo 480 = (ieee Ha | Ane uo = . Roots f Java a5. special care. = Henstg’s loc * flee» to amu lth fas the the. {pout spenuie of a wlatt tam ment in, oe qian. golutton. ts. -puopostiienal. Joib mole fusctien tng — — spe P, % | nr “ Pees Yo. Hensiy la tao Th tht solifen pt Jn Higuld tf ene. own _tthen. by wt _ eg “equal 10. in _ Y > Rasull Paw become. -spectal. aut Mendip —[ea x on Lesstuté me solution of solids ta gull J x Solufen. solid fn liquide 84 Math, cast, Urea _and CANES fn Water. 4 rane _ ~Todine -and_sul ph Jn. east han. ulphide- i et nbn gle Gadde S cer oe Waid | apowt presswie solvent — the gm i ee Al seg A Pate soln * X79 mole -fossction sols Ce ¥" * Fy Alapoun, pressure puste solver Hole paaetfon of solvend . . seein no Ke solvent > __ | P= PK | — Teal_ang_nlon Tdeal Solutions dtqutd ttgutd.slutfon canbe __tluytfied into Tdeal and_non-ideal yoluffory an the baal af. Rasut A dae a . a : an (Teal sol" 5 The golutfens sohich obey Rasutt!: lou ove the entity tsange of _coneentsta Hon». i 4 Eathals “ol mbxtag: of the putt. ¢ nent nt to «form th esdlutt on b = : . She Teacher's SGT vse * “Malecutes, ooh Aas. aa tall ih fil. FL Page fo. — ean ~ [p> Xe | Tay, = x - Peewense 4o. magnttude, oh. tnten, waa foes te. “soludfen. th . mo leeules wall bee Loosely. _helds a k Hence Tnesteast intolume tape place _ LAmty > 8 Proce fs -aceompafned by-tbsuxptiin oh ener uy Aw? H >] ig hie Hidhuae j_ ethane} _ and. acetone _ - Mas pet —> furs ethan | form H gen_bond + . aa 7 Aactone buen ben us ther. fils Qe Corben atsulphtde. ond. acetone. . . =D Dipole_int: exactlon solute - solvent Lsolute - ~olea svn -Solvatt. @Salutien showin _negad fee _devtaffom_3 = k “Gpcieot molecule. seat foe He oA and B- ane ate thon 8 Te ‘fa Yo) ee fi stamyen a cg EO Miduste. , Phenol_andontline. a ao —» Taterm i Hydtogen bend. _ _yoettincc: aonH--9 — a — se tenn eee 4 cee cnn ___Pirflfne. Phenol _ _ _ . _— Mite of hme fom and acetone | - _— _ “tb. Se co 4 _ eee ee fH “ed ee Aetone OH lovo form —_ 1077S SUT ssvssoresdlorn Kedwetfan_fn_vep. owl potest solvent ( Ap.) A ae Yaad Yee P th Py oe. Ca Caan ——{ T — Ap, = pe {i- xy ) ew a _ +A b= a » Relaifilaoening “ah uapout paesuce. Ts equal fo the male fraction of the solute. on nue —_ _ : — - ~ABL wae eae sac xX eee fenue tess o eevee ne: 2s See Roa em necandy ne of mole f PL tn, Solvent. and solute, weeny Pau -dflute solutlinn, 7 ee <—_, — Vo A. | a M,—and_M, = _Molay_mass_o} solvent and 7 solutes 2 + a = | 4 Ques: A soluttin 8s gotepaned by dhsolutng log non velatile solute ue “no09 oh ates thas v wat pan 4 84 mindy alah Cobeutate he moliy max of the solute (vapouy pucmure pure Derter—, _ _o} Shr = 99 mmbtg)s _ . a | —deot—laly 50.4 P5)_ = 32. mpn tg —__My_= iy ml ys hh = do04 a S)-8Umm Hg My = § : = 4 a eG = fala gol) ene 2 TTY Po Pye ny = Wy XM) B22 SN8Y jo KB ~ On — man By Wy - : : $2. NM) 2.00 # The,...bofling fats wr uld-ts th at ; ke mp... ol tohteh th va Dot. 7 _ pseu. tee - wats. atm osphenic_pastenune —_ ue ee + Jdhen a non-volatile solute fs added bo.solvent sapouy puewute — ; of solver. densteasesr.. _ ne / x me batngott the solatlon Frahoays Higher then th dg _ | The diffs inthe botling_pofah of soludfm Th — ond pune solvent wee Ta et Fe peat 4%,) & Eleuntfen Sn boll pala depend_on the. noe squdepoleale on ep nee RE Soh HE trp ee cgdther than they’ natives ae [Al eh- ral Senate ~ Gachier’s Sigit viveessnnn