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Solved Problems - Biochemical Methods - Lecture Notes | BIOCHEM 651, Study notes of Biochemistry

University of Wisconsin (UW) - MadisonBiochemistry

Material Type: Notes; Class: Biochemical Methods; Subject: BIOCHEMISTRY; University: University of Wisconsin - Madison; Term: Unknown 1989;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 09/02/2009

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๎˜„๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜Ÿ๎˜ž๎˜๎˜’๎˜๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜&๎˜๎˜†๎˜‘๎˜Ž๎˜-๎˜๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜๎˜Ÿ ๎˜๎˜‘๎˜
๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜/.,๎˜
๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜Ž๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‹'๎˜๎˜…๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜š๎˜๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜Ÿ๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜™๎˜๎˜š๎˜’๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜š"๎˜ž๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜๎˜˜๎˜š๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ ๎˜—๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜๎˜Ž๎˜•๎˜Ÿ๎˜๎˜—๎˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜๎˜˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜Ÿ๎˜‘๎˜*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‚)๎˜๎˜Ž๎˜”๎˜›๎˜›(๎˜!๎˜ž "๎˜๎˜ž๎˜•*๎˜๎˜†#!"๎˜๎˜!๎˜๎˜›๎˜ž๎˜๎˜–๎˜๎˜!๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜"%๎˜ž๎˜๎˜”๎˜›๎˜”๎˜’" ๎˜ž๎˜!๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜!๎˜๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ž ๎˜‘๎˜˜"๎˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜“๎˜ž๎˜๎˜๎˜ž"๎˜๎˜—๎˜$๎˜”๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜!๎˜๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜
๎˜ž ๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜"๎˜"๎˜˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜/ ๎˜”๎˜’๎˜๎˜›๎˜›๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜‰๎˜#๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”&๎˜’๎˜›#!๎˜˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜๎˜Ÿ ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜’๎˜˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜›๎˜”0*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‹'๎˜๎˜‚๎˜๎˜‘๎˜"๎˜‘๎˜๎˜‘#๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜š๎˜๎˜๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜Ž๎˜‘๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜—๎˜—๎˜๎˜š๎˜’๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜‘๎˜œ ๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜™๎˜ž๎˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜Ÿ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜๎˜Ÿ ๎˜๎˜‘*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‚)๎˜๎˜๎˜”!*๎˜๎˜‚๎˜'"๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜๎˜–๎˜๎˜…๎˜๎˜“๎˜˜!๎˜’#!!๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜”๎˜’"# ๎˜”๎˜'๎˜ž#๎˜!๎˜—๎˜ž#๎˜›๎˜“๎˜๎˜š๎˜๎˜ž%*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‹'๎˜๎˜„๎˜๎˜™๎˜$๎˜š ๎˜๎˜“๎˜•!๎˜‘๎˜๎˜๎˜™๎˜๎˜‘#๎˜๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜๎˜š๎˜’๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜๎˜‘#๎˜๎˜˜*๎˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ž๎˜๎˜•๎˜Ÿ๎˜๎˜˜ ๎˜—๎˜Ÿ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜š๎˜•๎˜๎˜‘*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‚)๎˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ž(๎˜๎˜…๎˜๎˜“๎˜ž๎˜-"๎˜๎˜—๎˜$๎˜”๎˜๎˜๎˜'๎˜๎˜”&๎˜๎˜œ๎˜Ÿ๎˜›๎˜”*๎˜๎˜…๎˜%๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜›๎˜"๎˜”๎˜›๎˜›๎˜'๎˜ž#๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜•๎˜ž ๎˜œ๎˜"๎˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜”๎˜%๎˜”๎˜”๎˜š๎˜๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ž ๎˜”๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜”&๎˜๎˜œ*๎˜๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‹'๎˜๎˜ˆ๎˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜™+๎˜Ÿ๎˜ ๎˜™๎˜๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ž๎˜Ÿ๎˜๎˜™๎˜๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜‘๎˜Ÿ๎˜”$๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ž๎˜Ÿ ๎˜’๎˜’(๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‚)๎˜๎˜‰๎˜›๎˜”๎˜!๎˜”๎˜!๎˜”๎˜”๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜๎˜ž"๎˜”!๎˜๎˜…๎˜๎˜—๎˜$๎˜”๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜ž!"๎˜”๎˜“*๎˜๎˜…๎˜•๎˜'๎˜ž#๎˜๎˜ ๎˜”๎˜!"๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜›๎˜#๎˜๎˜’๎˜›๎˜”๎˜ ๎˜๎˜’๎˜ž๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜!๎˜”๎˜”๎˜๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜๎˜๎˜•"๎˜” ๎˜๎˜›๎˜”๎˜’"# ๎˜”*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‹'๎˜๎˜‚๎˜๎˜‘๎˜$๎˜š ๎˜๎˜“๎˜š๎˜•๎˜™๎˜“๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜š๎˜๎˜๎˜ž๎˜–๎˜ ๎˜ž๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜š๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜"๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜‰๎˜Š๎˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜’๎˜š๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜˜๎˜š๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜๎˜’๎˜š๎˜๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜‘#๎˜๎˜˜*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‚)๎˜๎˜‹๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜—"๎˜๎˜๎˜ž%๎˜'๎˜ž#๎˜!๎˜—๎˜ž#๎˜›๎˜“๎˜๎˜•๎˜ž๎˜’#!๎˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜#๎˜๎˜“๎˜” !"๎˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜๎˜–๎˜%๎˜—๎˜"๎˜%๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜˜!๎˜’#!!๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜‘๎˜๎˜œ๎˜"๎˜” ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜
๎˜๎˜ž"๎˜%๎˜ž '๎˜๎˜๎˜‘๎˜ž#"๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜”&๎˜๎˜œ*๎˜๎˜‡'๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜ž๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜’'๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜"๎˜—๎˜"๎˜๎˜๎˜'"๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜๎˜–๎˜๎˜…๎˜๎˜“๎˜˜!๎˜’#!!๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜๎˜›๎˜”๎˜’"# ๎˜”๎˜/๎˜ž ๎˜"๎˜—๎˜"๎˜'๎˜ž#๎˜๎˜“๎˜ž๎˜๎˜•๎˜ž ๎˜
"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜‘0๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜˜ ๎˜๎˜–๎˜๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜”&๎˜๎˜œ*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‹'๎˜๎˜‡๎˜š"๎˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜๎˜š๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜—๎˜๎˜”๎˜š"๎˜๎˜˜ ๎˜๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜‘๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜๎˜ ๎˜๎˜๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜Ÿ๎˜"๎˜•๎˜—๎˜—๎˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜š๎˜ ๎˜๎˜‘*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‚)๎˜๎˜๎˜ž#๎˜๎˜’๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜Ÿ ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜’"๎˜๎˜˜"๎˜๎˜• ๎˜ž๎˜œ๎˜๎˜†๎˜ž#๎˜›๎˜”-!๎˜๎˜›๎˜%)๎˜๎˜Š4๎˜…23๎˜1๎˜๎˜‹๎˜1๎˜"(๎˜%๎˜—๎˜” ๎˜”๎˜๎˜Š๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜—๎˜”๎˜"๎˜๎˜–๎˜”๎˜๎˜” ๎˜"๎˜”๎˜“(๎˜๎˜…๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜
๎˜’# ๎˜”๎˜"๎˜/๎˜๎˜œ๎˜Ÿ!0(๎˜๎˜‹๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜›๎˜”๎˜’" ๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜๎˜›๎˜ ๎˜”!๎˜˜!"๎˜๎˜๎˜’๎˜”๎˜๎˜ž๎˜•๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜œ๎˜"๎˜” ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜›๎˜/๎˜ž๎˜—๎˜œ!0(๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜"๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜"๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜/!๎˜”๎˜’๎˜ž๎˜๎˜“!0*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‹'๎˜๎˜Œ๎˜”๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜!๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜๎˜Ž๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜™๎˜๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜๎˜š ๎˜Ž๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜๎˜Ž๎˜š๎˜™๎˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜™๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜$๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜‘*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‚)๎˜๎˜Ž๎˜”๎˜›๎˜›(๎˜"๎˜—๎˜” ๎˜”๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜-"๎˜ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜›'๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜ž#๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜”๎˜๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜”๎˜•"๎˜๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“.๎˜˜"๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜๎˜™#!"๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜˜๎˜"๎˜” ๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜"๎˜”๎˜%๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜”๎˜
๎˜œ๎˜ž๎˜›๎˜”๎˜’#๎˜›๎˜”๎˜๎˜ž๎˜•๎˜๎˜‘๎˜˜!+๎˜๎˜’ '๎˜›๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜’"!๎˜%๎˜˜"๎˜—๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜– ๎˜ž%๎˜˜๎˜๎˜–๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜ž๎˜›'๎˜œ๎˜” ๎˜๎˜’๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜*๎˜๎˜๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜๎˜๎˜‘๎˜ž#"๎˜๎˜˜"๎˜๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜š๎˜”๎˜"๎˜—๎˜˜!)๎˜
%๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜ž๎˜›'๎˜œ๎˜” ๎˜๎˜’๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜’"!๎˜%๎˜˜"๎˜—๎˜๎˜‘๎˜˜!+๎˜๎˜’ '๎˜›๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜”(๎˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜›'๎˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜”๎˜๎˜ž๎˜•๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜"%๎˜ž๎˜๎˜ƒ4๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜๎˜“!๎˜ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜’"!๎˜
%๎˜˜"๎˜—๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜ž๎˜›'๎˜œ๎˜” (๎˜๎˜›๎˜”๎˜$๎˜˜๎˜๎˜–๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜ž"๎˜—๎˜” ๎˜๎˜ƒ4๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜“๎˜ž#๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜”๎˜๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜• ๎˜”๎˜”*๎˜๎˜๎˜—๎˜˜!๎˜๎˜ƒ4๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜“๎˜ž#๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜”๎˜๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜’๎˜๎˜๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜
๎˜”๎˜๎˜’"๎˜%๎˜˜"๎˜—๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜ž"๎˜—๎˜” ๎˜๎˜– ๎˜ž%๎˜˜๎˜๎˜–๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜ž๎˜›'๎˜œ๎˜” ๎˜๎˜’๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜(๎˜%๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜—๎˜๎˜’๎˜#!๎˜”!๎˜"%๎˜ž๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜ž๎˜›'๎˜œ๎˜” !๎˜"๎˜ž๎˜๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜’๎˜ž๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜๎˜’ ๎˜ž!!+
๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜”๎˜“*๎˜๎˜„๎˜ž ๎˜"๎˜—๎˜˜!๎˜ ๎˜”๎˜!๎˜ž๎˜๎˜๎˜‘๎˜˜!+๎˜๎˜’ '๎˜›๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜ ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜” ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜"๎˜ž๎˜๎˜!๎˜๎˜๎˜,๎˜’ ๎˜ž!!+๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜” -๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜˜"!๎˜๎˜•#๎˜๎˜’"๎˜˜๎˜ž๎˜๎˜๎˜˜!๎˜
๎˜”!!๎˜”๎˜"๎˜˜๎˜๎˜›๎˜›'๎˜"๎˜ž๎˜๎˜’๎˜ž๎˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜’"๎˜๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜ ๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜ž๎˜›'๎˜œ๎˜” !๎˜๎˜˜๎˜"๎˜ž๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜’๎˜ž๎˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜’"๎˜”๎˜“๎˜๎˜๎˜”"%๎˜ž ๎˜š*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‹'๎˜๎˜‡๎˜š"๎˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜$๎˜š ๎˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜™๎˜Ÿ๎˜๎˜š๎˜—๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ž๎˜•%๎˜‘๎˜๎˜š๎˜’๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜›๎˜š๎˜๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜๎˜•๎˜™๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜$๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜‘๎˜๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—*๎˜๎˜ˆ๎˜ž๎˜๎˜•๎˜Ÿ๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜
๎˜›๎˜๎˜š๎˜›๎˜š๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜™๎˜ž๎˜๎˜š๎˜’๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜$๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜‘'๎˜Ž๎˜•๎˜ž)๎˜๎˜๎˜$๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜‘๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜Ÿ๎˜•๎˜š*๎˜
๎˜
๎˜‚)๎˜๎˜Œ๎˜ž "๎˜๎˜ž๎˜•*๎˜๎˜'๎˜Ÿ๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜๎˜›๎˜›'๎˜'๎˜ž#๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜’ ๎˜”๎˜!๎˜”๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜๎˜œ๎˜ž#๎˜"๎˜๎˜ž๎˜•๎˜๎˜๎˜’ '๎˜›๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜’ ๎˜”๎˜!๎˜”๎˜"๎˜—๎˜”๎˜๎˜’ ๎˜ž!!๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜” *๎˜
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Comments from Wed, Feb 4 lecture Biochem 651 Weibel Q: Does the orientation of arrows in molecular orbital diagrams matter? A: Well, sort of. Just as long as the two electrons in the same orbital do not have the same orientation (recall the Pauli exclusion principle). Q: Are we expected to remember all of the equations presented in the lecture? A: Yes. Anything I discuss in the lecture you should know. Q: Can you give an example ofa sample exam? Is it multiple choice? A: No, I donโ€™t have any example. I will tell you the format one week before the exam. Q: I didnโ€™t understand the ethylene stuff. A: Please see the notes I have posted. If you are still unclear come see me after lecture. Q: Are you going to ask us to draw a MO diagram for a molecule for the exam? A: Right now you should focus on understanding what we discuss and the lab material and not worry about the exam. My policy is that anything I discuss in lecture (or that you do for the lab) is fair game on the exam. Q: How does one tell how much heat a certain current will produce? A: You can predict it from Jouleโ€™s law: Q=I*2 * R* t, where Q is the heat generated, I is the current (amps), R is the electrical resistance of the material (ohms), and t is time (seconds). Q: What leaves behind the double bond on acrylamide? A: Well, there isnโ€™t really a double bond left behindโ€”it is just an intermediate when one molecule of bis-acrylamid reacts with the growing polymer chain. Think about it like this: when the polymer chain reacts with bis-acrylamide, only one of the two C=C bonds reacts with the polymer, leaving the other C=C double bond free. This C=C double bond can then react with another growing polymer chain, which causes two polymers to become cross- linked. For this reason bis-acrylamide is referred to as a โ€˜cross-linkerโ€™ and its function is essentially to connect linear polymers into a connected network. Q: How do you control the size of the pores in the acrylamide gel? Is it the proportions of the acrylamide:bis-acrylamide ratio? A: Sort of. Typically you increase the amount of acrylamide and increase the crosslinker.