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soul beliefs quizzes + final but just verify
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
it can be concluded that religions... - CORRECT ANSWER -are outgrowths of ancient tribalism the common word for the soul among the greeks was - CORRECT ANSWER -psyche wade presents a model of religion as evolutionarily "selected for" because of - CORRECT ANSWER -its role in social cohesion the early greeks conceived of the soul as identified with which physical process of the body? - CORRECT ANSWER -breathing how does Nous relate to conceptions of the soul? - CORRECT ANSWER -Nous is considered to be the mind, separate from sensory perception ancient tribes tended to use dead ancestors - CORRECT ANSWER -to preserve the social order according to Hesiod's (7th Century BCE) description of the Isle of Blest, only Greek ______ had a chance of residing there - CORRECT ANSWER -warriors
if an ancient egyptian was fortunate to reach the final judgement day, _____ would be placed on one side of the balance and _____ on the other - CORRECT ANSWER -his heart; a feather in _______'s philosophy, the relation between the body and the soul is not friendly - CORRECT ANSWER -plato the early establishment of agricultural settlements was accompanied by - CORRECT ANSWER -the emergence of hierarchal social structures which of the following was one way that the lives of people in agricultural societies changed? - CORRECT ANSWER -people could not spend time doing activities other than food production wade proposes that when humans became hunter gatherers they faced two major social problems: _______ and ______ - CORRECT ANSWER -freeloaders; warfare Stephen J. Gould's notion of non-overlapping magisterial refers to - CORRECT ANSWER -religion and science how does religion promote group work - CORRECT ANSWER -groups that had some sort of religion would be more cohesive, and more likely to survive, than groups which lacked religion
why are initiation rites important? - CORRECT ANSWER -- to prevent cognitive dissonance
- difficult initiation bound members to the group the term "monolatry" refers to - CORRECT ANSWER -the worship of one god without denying the existence of other gods The Peppered Moth appeared with different colors over successive generations because ________ - CORRECT ANSWER -The ones who blended were able to survive and pass on their genes Mendel's work on genetics - CORRECT ANSWER -Could have supported darwin's theory, but scientists initially ignored mendel's work Which of the following did not help Darwin formulate his theory? - CORRECT ANSWER -- a fossil evidence that species had changes over time
- closely related species on oceanic islands
- evidence of artificial selection in domestic animals When Charles Darwin returned from his voyage on the Beagle, he waited years before releasing "the origin of species" for publication. This long delay was due to
- CORRECT ANSWER -Darwin's reluctance to get involved in a controversy over the evolution of the human mind
Why did darwin take so long to publish the origin of species - CORRECT ANSWER - Darwin was concerned about the reaction of others to the implications of his theory The term that darwin initially uses, instead of "evolution" was - CORRECT ANSWER -A descent with modification During england's industrial revolution, the peppered moth underwent significant changes in coloration that have been attributes to - CORRECT ANSWER -- natural variation of color
- natural selection of color
- different reproductive success as a function of color What couldn't Darwin leave out of his theory that gave him the biggest problem?
- CORRECT ANSWER -The idea of philosophical materialism Which of the following statements about Darwin is true? - CORRECT ANSWER - Darwin struggled with his religion and the implications of his theory Which of the following is not one of the essential components of evolution? - CORRECT ANSWER -Bipedalism According to darwin's theory of evolution - CORRECT ANSWER -Species which are adapted to the environment tend to survive
What was Darwin's prototypical scene? - CORRECT ANSWER -An earthquake which moved a mountain When darwin was promoting his theory of evolution, captain fitzroy - CORRECT ANSWER -Was horrified that he may have given darwin some of his ideas What are the two cognitive systems proposed by Bloom? - CORRECT ANSWER - One that deals with material objects and another that deals with social entities The protoself - CORRECT ANSWER -Monitors the body's internal milieu and maintains homeostasis A dualist would most likely claim that - CORRECT ANSWER -The brain is physical and the soul is non-physical In Bloom's article, Religion is Natural, there is a discussion about "hypertrophy of social cognition". Which of the following is a similar concept? - CORRECT ANSWER -Attribution of agency Which is true of the internal milieu - CORRECT ANSWER -- it can be upset by outside events
- it can be calmed by a belief in god and religion
- we do not need to consciously think about calming the internal milieu
The objective self - CORRECT ANSWER -recognizes the individual as a separate and distinct physical being. What is another name for the symbolic self? - CORRECT ANSWER -The extended self What does the example of "brain activity before conscious intention" illustrate? - CORRECT ANSWER -the mind may be controlled by the brain What is meant by the notion that consciousness may be an epiphenomenon? - CORRECT ANSWER -That consciousness may be the secondary by-product of physiologically-driven behavior Bloom's article, Religion is Natural, concludes with a discussion of creolization, which suggests the possibility that children may - CORRECT ANSWER - spontaneously create religious beliefs Where is the status of the internal milieu processed? - CORRECT ANSWER - autonomic nervous system The idea that human beings are "meat that think" is a position most likely to be endorsed by a - CORRECT ANSWER -monist Descartes believed that interaction between body and mind took place in _____. - CORRECT ANSWER -the pineal gland
According to the authors of The Anatomy of Internalized Beliefs, a downside of consciousness is - CORRECT ANSWER -An awareness of the prospects of one's own death Unlike other primates, human beings are faced with the problem of ____________ survival. - CORRECT ANSWER -Psychological E. Tory Higgins' Self Discrepancy Theory predicts that discrepancies between the Real Self and the Ought Self are related to - CORRECT ANSWER -Anxiety According to Becker, ___________ involves: having kids, writing books, making or buying art; all gives us the sense that the world has meaning. - CORRECT ANSWER -Symbolic immortality According to terror management theory, when you think about your own death you are more likely to: - CORRECT ANSWER -derogate people who do not share your world view When you come to realize that you exist, what two emotions will you experience according to Kierkegaard? - CORRECT ANSWER -Awe and dread How did Freud conceptualize the ideal self? - CORRECT ANSWER -Ego ideal
What does Ernst Becker say about self-esteem? - CORRECT ANSWER -You need a cultural basis to achieve high self-esteem What does Sheldon Solomon say about why people in the US may not have high self-esteem? - CORRECT ANSWER -Because expectations are high to achieve the American dream What does the graph on religiosity and wealth show? - CORRECT ANSWER -The US tends to be more religious than expected based on their wealth The primary difference between correlational studies and experimental research is - CORRECT ANSWER -One or more variables are manipulated in experimental studies. That is not the case in correlational research Assertions about the existence of God, the soul, and the afterlife are referred to as ___________ assertions that are not testable - CORRECT ANSWER - Metaphysical What does Ernst Becker believe is the primary function of self-esteem? - CORRECT ANSWER -To believe that we are a valuable person in a world of meaning What do all cultures possess, as stated by Ernst Becker? - CORRECT ANSWER -They all have constructed beliefs about the nature of reality and the roles we should fulfill in life
The first method used to empirically measure the distance between real-/ideal selves was the - CORRECT ANSWER -Cue-Sort Occam's Razor is - CORRECT ANSWER -rule of parsimony How did Carl Rogers conceptualize the ideal self? - CORRECT ANSWER -As self- actualization If a child on an airplane says "I wish they would stop turning on the seatbelt sign - whenever they do it makes the ride bumpy," he is confusing - CORRECT ANSWER - correlation with causation If somebody makes an extraordinary claim, most scientists would - CORRECT ANSWER -require extraordinary evidence to support the claim The human capacity to be the object of its own attention is known as - CORRECT ANSWER -objective self-awareness What does a high positive correlation between the real and ideal-self mean? - CORRECT ANSWER -Small discrepancy between who the person is and what they want to be What do humans tend to become aware of at the age of 4 or 5? - CORRECT ANSWER -The notion that they will one day die.
Pseudoscience can be dangerous because it may - CORRECT ANSWER -- cause people to forego genuine medical treatments
- sometimes cause direct harm, including death
- prevent citizens from making good, evidence-based decisions What is an example of a proximal defense against COVID? - CORRECT ANSWER - Seeking diversions from anxiety provoking information concerning the virus Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between correlation and causation? - CORRECT ANSWER -correlation does not imply causation Which of the following is not true regarding the undesired self - CORRECT ANSWER -People do not show the same results as mortality salience when thinking about the undesired self Worldview defense is - CORRECT ANSWER -the exaggerated evaluations for similar or different others following mortality salience What are the arguments people give for the existence of the soul according to the lecture? - CORRECT ANSWER -- first person arguments
- death or near death experiences
- unexplained experiences
How did William James suggest one can change their emotional state? - CORRECT ANSWER -Acting as if you feel the emotion Which of the following is related to behavioral inhibition? - CORRECT ANSWER -- withholding a response when behavior is either punished or no longer rewarded
- engaging in a response when behavior is either punished or no longer rewarded What is the biological preparedness model? - CORRECT ANSWER -We are evolutionarily prepared to have certain fears based on the environment of our ancestors The frontal lobes of the human brain appear to be involved in - CORRECT ANSWER -- experience of emotions
- decision making
- inhibiting behaviors In a laboratory experiment, a rat is confined in a box and sees a flash of light. The light is followed by a shock. After a few times, the rat sees the light and will move way in order to avoid the shock. What type of response is this? - CORRECT ANSWER -Active avoidance Which level of survival did Gage have trouble with after his injury? - CORRECT ANSWER -Psychological
Based on evidence from human brain development, the most successful method for helping children to develop appropriate behavior is to - CORRECT ANSWER - catch them being good and reward them, because their brains are not very good at processing punishment. Which of the following is a result of Frontal Lobe damage? - CORRECT ANSWER -- traveling self is seemingly on vacation
- impulsive behavior
- lack of consideration for others "Emotional intelligence" is localized to the - CORRECT ANSWER -Frontal lobe Determinism means - CORRECT ANSWER -events are determined by causes external to human will Where is the status of the internal milieu processed? (more specific) - CORRECT ANSWER -The limbic system There has been a convergence of three lines of studies relating to the topic of behavioral inhibition. Which was not one of the lines of study? - CORRECT ANSWER -How mirror neurons are involved in behavioral inhibition The idea that muscles of the face send information to the brain and that this affects the emotion we feel is known as - CORRECT ANSWER -the facial feedback hypothesis
- gradually develops over the first 25-30 years of life
- may be more controlled by our parents than by "god" What was Descartes' error according to Damasio? - CORRECT ANSWER -saying "I think, therefore I am" instead of "I feel, therefore I am". According to evolutionary biology, altruistic behavior might help assure the survival of one's own genes into succeeding generations primarily because ____. - CORRECT ANSWER -Some of your genes will make it into the next generation if the people who share your genes also survive Why would the concept of the soul arise independently in different cultures? - CORRECT ANSWER -The concept of soul was a way of describing someone's essence Evolutionary psychology is - CORRECT ANSWER -Taking what we know about evolution to help explain human behavior What are the circuits in our brain a result of? - CORRECT ANSWER -Naturally selected solutions to adaptive problems Kin Selection Theory proposes that - CORRECT ANSWER -We are more likely to help people who share our genes
How do assumptions help us process the social world? - CORRECT ANSWER -Help us process information quickly even though they can be wrong How do doctrinal and intuitive beliefs differ? - CORRECT ANSWER -Doctrinal beliefs are taught whereas intuitive beliefs are guided by "gut feelings" How can episodic memory lead to a belief in the soul? - CORRECT ANSWER - Episodic memory leads to nexting which reminds us that we will one may die In essence, what does evolutionary psychology consider? - CORRECT ANSWER - How psychological attributes might have evolved as adaptations to changing human environments What does the line length illusion demonstrate (Muller-Lyer Illusion)? - CORRECT ANSWER -Our domain specific circuits are difficult to overcome with conscious thinking How can the soul be conceptualized as an evolutionary adaptation? - CORRECT ANSWER -The soul was important in detecting a person's essence, agency, and predicted behaviors Why are we able to solve the Wason task with examples (whether one is 21 and drinking alcohol) rather than letters and numbers? - CORRECT ANSWER -We have specialized systems for detecting cheaters
