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Public Speaking Study Guide: Key Concepts and Communication Models, Exams of Social Sciences

United States International University Social Sciences

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts in public speaking, including communication models, ethical considerations, audience analysis, and strategies for building confidence. It covers various aspects of the public speaking process, from understanding different forms of communication to articulating a speech's purpose and considering audience diversity. The guide also addresses common challenges such as communication apprehension and listener interference, offering practical solutions and definitions of essential terms.

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2025/2026

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SPCM 200- FINAL- CSU STUDY GUIDE

Ch. 1

Differences between public speaking and other forms of communication - Answer --

public speaking contains a structure and purpose that adds a level of responsibility

-audience ability to respond differs it from mass communication

-unlike private convos with self and friends public speaking is directed at specific groups

of people and designed to be shared with others outside that group

- responsibility for organization, delivery and flow of communication on one person

- ethics

intrapersonal communication - Answer -communication with ourselves

interpersonal communication - Answer -communication with others to manage a

relationship

group communication - Answer -communication among members of a collective

mass communication - Answer -communication generated by media organizations that

is designed to reach large audiences

public communication - Answer -communication in which one person gives a speech to

other people most often in a public setting

Ethical Public Speaking - Answer --the power of ethical public speaking lies in civility

-must consider the more impact of your ideas and arguments on others when you enter

the public dialogue

Civility - Answer -care and concern for others, the thoughtful use of words and

language, and the flexibility to see the many sides of an issue

Public Dialogue - Answer -the ethical and civil exchange of ideas and opinions among

communities about topics that affect the public

Audience centered - Answer -- being considerate of the positions, beliefs, values and

needs of an audience

- public speaking is audience centered

Model of the Public Speaking Process - Answer --7 components

-Speaker

-message

-audience

-feedback

-channel

-noise

Discover Exams of Social Sciences United States International University

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SPCM 200- FINAL- CSU STUDY GUIDE

Ch. 1 Differences between public speaking and other forms of communication - Answer -- public speaking contains a structure and purpose that adds a level of responsibility

audience ability to respond differs it from mass communication
unlike private convos with self and friends public speaking is directed at specific groups of people and designed to be shared with others outside that group
responsibility for organization, delivery and flow of communication on one person
ethics intrapersonal communication - Answer - communication with ourselves interpersonal communication - Answer - communication with others to manage a relationship group communication - Answer - communication among members of a collective mass communication - Answer - communication generated by media organizations that is designed to reach large audiences public communication - Answer - communication in which one person gives a speech to other people most often in a public setting Ethical Public Speaking - Answer --the power of ethical public speaking lies in civility
must consider the more impact of your ideas and arguments on others when you enter the public dialogue Civility - Answer - care and concern for others, the thoughtful use of words and language, and the flexibility to see the many sides of an issue Public Dialogue - Answer - the ethical and civil exchange of ideas and opinions among communities about topics that affect the public Audience centered - Answer -- being considerate of the positions, beliefs, values and needs of an audience
public speaking is audience centered Model of the Public Speaking Process - Answer --7 components
Speaker
message
audience
feedback
channel
noise

context Speaker (model of public speaking) - Answer - the person who stimulates public dialogue by delivering an oral message Message (model of public speaking) - Answer - the info conveyed by the speaker to the audience --verbal and nonverbal --goal to craft a message relevant to the audience --can be intentional and unintentional Audience (model of public speaking) - Answer -- the complex and varied individuals the speaker addresses Channel (model of public speaking) - Answer - the means by which the message is conveyed
ex: by spoken word, gestures Noise (model of public speaking) - Answer --anything that interferes with understanding the message being communicated --external: interference outside the speaker or audience --internal: interference within the speaker or audience Feedback (model of public speaking) - Answer - the verbal and nonverbal signals the audience gives the speaker Context (model of public speaking) - Answer - the environment or situation in which a speech occurs Communication Apprehension - Answer -- fear and anxiety associated with the idea of communication with a person or people --trait anxiety --state (situational) anxiety Trait Anxiety - Answer --fear of communication with others in any situation --a form of communication apprehension State (situational) Anxiety - Answer --Fear of communicating with others in a particular situation --a form of communication apprehension How to build your Confidence as a Speaker - Answer --Do more research --more prep= more relaxed/at ease --less worried about drawing a blank
Practice your Speech -- Systematic Desensitization

--Gender-inclusive language --Culturally inclusive language --Spotlighting

Verbal Clutter Jargon, Technical Language (speaker Interference) - Answer - technical language used by a special group or for a special activity, Define it first! Slang, Casual Language (speaker interference) - Answer - informal nonstandard vocal normally made up of arbitrarily changed words Colloquialism , Casual Language (speaker interference) - Answer - Local or regional information direct or expression Euphemism, Casual Language (speaker interference) - Answer - word or phrase that substitutes an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant Gender-inclusive language, Non inclusive Language (speaker interference) - Answer - recognizing that both women and men are active participants in the world
when not used is non inclusive and causes speaker interference Culturally inclusive, Non inclusive Language (speaker interference) - Answer - respectfully recognizes the differences among the many cultures in our society
when not used is non inclusive and causes speaker interference Spotlighting, Non-Inclusive Language (speaker interference) - Answer - practice of highlighting a person's race, ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, physical disability during a speech Verbal Clutter (speaker Interference) - Answer - extra words that pad sentences and claims but don't add meaning Choosing your Speech Topic - Answer --keep requirements of assignment/context in mind
match your interests and expertise to the assignment/task at hand
Brainstorming Brainstorming (choosing your speech topic) - Answer -- process of generating ideas randomly and uncritically, without attention to logic, connections, or relevance
by free association
by cluster
by categories
by technology

Brainstorming by Free Association (choosing your speech topic) - Answer - recording all the ideas that come to mind Brainstorming by cluster (choosing your speech topic) - Answer - visual way, write a main center idea and then branch off that idea and continue to branch from next ones Brainstorming by categories (choosing your speech topic) - Answer - create categories and then list ideas/words under each category Brainstorming by technology (choosing your speech topic) - Answer - use search engines, libraries Articulating your Purpose - Answer --general purpose

specific purpose
Thesis General purpose ( articulating your purpose) - Answer --broad goal
to inform, invite, persuade, introduce, commemorate, or accept Specific Purpose (articulating your purpose) - Answer --focused statement that identifies exactly what a speaker wants to accomplish with a speech
ex: to commemorate for my audience helen keller and her accomplishments after the age of ten Thesis (articulating your purpose) - Answer - - summarizes in a single declarative sentence the main ideas, assumptions, or arguments you want to express in your speech
Should not be a question
think of a speech as a race, thesis statement as the finish line Considering Audience as a Diverse Group - Answer --Master Statuses
Standpoint
Attitudes
Beliefs
Values
ethnocentrism
demographic audience analysis Master Statuses (Considering Audience as a Diverse Group) - Answer --significant positions a person occupies within a society that affect the person's identity in almost all social situations
profoundly influences identity and others perceptions
may influence how a person comes to see the world
ex: race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, political leaning, parental status, occupation, heritage, age, ability

Ethics of internet research (Finding information of the Internet) - Answer --can be an excellent source of info but must be used properly to get info that you can use ethically in speech use only reliable and relevant info and accurately credit the sources Evaluating internet info (Finding information of the Internet) - Answer --is the info reliable?

is the info authoritative? (author(s))
how current is the info?
how complete is the info?
is the info relevant?
is the info consistent and unbiased? Plagiarism/Types - Answer - presenting another person's words and ideas as your own --patchwork --global --incremental Incremental Plagiarism (Plagiarism/Types) - Answer - presenting select portions from a single speech as your own Global Plagiarism (Plagiarism/Types) - Answer - stealing an entire speech from a single source and presenting it as your own Patchwork Plagiarism (Plagiarism/Types) - Answer - constructing a complete speech that you present as your own from portions of several different speeches Citing Sources - Answer --two reasons: it is ethical and it add credibility to your ideas
adds credibility
is ethical
rules of citing --give credit to others (during speech) --give specific info about sources --deliver all info accurately 5 most common forms of supporting materials - Answer --examples
narratives
statistics
testimony
definition Examples (5 most common forms of supporting materials) - Answer --specific instance used to illustrate a concept, experience, issue, or problem --real example: instance that actually took place --hypothetical example: instance that did not take place but could have

used to clarify concepts
used to reinforce points
used to bring concepts to life or to elicit emotions
used to build your case or make credible generalizations Narratives (5 most common forms of supporting materials) - Answer -- story that recounts or foretells real or hypothetical events --brief narrative --extended narrative --intertextuality
used to personalize a point
used to challenge an audience to think in new ways
used to draw an audience in emotionally
used to unite with your audience Intertextuality, Narratives (5 most common forms of supporting materials) - Answer - process in which stories reference other stories or rely on parts of other stories to be complete Extended Narrative, Narrative (5 most common forms of supporting materials) - Answer
longer story that makes an evolving connection with a broader point Brief Narrative, Narrative (5 most common forms of supporting materials) - Answer - longer story or vignette that illustrates a specific point Statistics (5 most common forms of supporting materials) - Answer - numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings --totals, amounts, costs, scales, ranges, ratios, rates, date and times, measurements, percents, mode, mean, median
used to synthesize large amounts of info
used when the numbers tell a powerful story
used when numerical evidence strengthens a claim Testimony (5 most common forms of supporting materials) - Answer - opinions or observations of others --direct quotation --paraphrase --expert testimony --peer testimony --personal testimony --bias --objective
used when you need the voice of an expert
used to illustrate differences or agreements
use your own when your experience says it best
paraphrase testimony to improve listenability

Backing (Map of Reasoning (Toulmin model)) - Answer - the evidence you have to be certain your warrant supports your grounds Warrant (Map of Reasoning (Toulmin model)) - Answer - the evidence you have to be certain your grounds support your claim Ground (Map of Reasoning (Toulmin model)) - Answer - why you think something is true or want to propose it Claim (Map of Reasoning (Toulmin model)) - Answer - assertion that must be proved Main Points - Answer -- most important ideas you dress in your speech

identify your main points
use an appropriate number of main points
order your main points --chronological pattern --spatial pattern --causal pattern --problem solution pattern --topical pattern Topical Pattern (Main Points, Organization) - Answer - pattern of organization that allows the speaker to divide a topic into subtopic, each of which addresses a different aspect of the larger topic Problem-Solution Pattern (Main Points, Organization) - Answer - pattern of organization that identifies a specific problem and offers a possible solution Causal Pattern (Main Points, Organization) - Answer - pattern of organization that describes a cause and effect relationship between ideas or events Spatial Pattern (Main Points, Organization) - Answer - pattern of organization that arranges ideas in terms of location or direction Chronological Pattern (Main Points, Organization) - Answer - patron of organization that traces a sequence of events or ideas Connectives - Answer - word or phrase used to link ideas in a speech --transitions --internal preview --internal summaries --signpost Signpost (Connectives) - Answer - simple word or statement that indicates where you are in your speech or highlights an important idea

Internal Summaries (Connectives) - Answer - statement in the body of a speech that summarizes a point a speaker has already discussed Internal Preview (Connectives) - Answer - statement in the body of a speech that details what the speaker plans to discuss next Transitions (connectives) - Answer - phrase that indicates a speaker is finished with one idea and is moving on to a new one Introduction - Answer --catch the audiences attention

reveal the topic to the audience
establish credibility with the audience
preview the speech for the audience Conclusion - Answer --bring your speech to an end
reinforce your thesis statement Preparing a compelling Conclusion - Answer --summarize mainpoints
answer your introductory question
refer back to intro
recite a quote Language is ambiguous - Answer - not all audiences understand language the same way --concrete language: language that refers to a tangible object --abstract language: language that refers to ideas or concepts but not to specific objects Semantic triangle of Meaning - Answer - symbol: word or phrase spoken by a speaker referent: object, concept or event a symbol represents thought: memory or past experience that audience members have with an object, concept or event Language and Culture - Answer - people in different cultures have different life experiences and thus name and define words differently --idioms: fixed, distinctive expression whose meaning is not indicated by its individual words Language and Gender - Answer - use gender inclusive and gender neutral language Language and accuracy - Answer - use the best word Language and Public Speaking - Answer - use language meant to be spoken not read --oral style: speaking style that reflects the spoken rather than written word Language and Imagery - Answer --simile
metaphor

Extemporaneous speech (methods of delivery) - Answer - speech that is carefully prepared and practiced from brief notes rather than from memory or a written manuscript --conversational style: speaking style that is more formal than everyday conversations but remains spontaneous and relaxed Impromptu Speech (methods of delivery) - Answer - when you present a speech that you have not planned or prepared in advance Manuscript speech (methods of delivery) - Answer - speech that is read to an audience from a written text Memorized Speech (methods of delivery) - Answer - a speech that has been written out, committed to memory and given word for word Verbal Components of Delivery - Answer --vocal variety

volume
rate --speaking quickly, slowly
pitch and inflection --helps communicate emotions/highlight importance
Pauses
Articulation
pronunciation Non Verbal Components of Delivery - Answer --personal appearance
eye contact
facial expression
posture
gesture
proxemics Types of informative speeches - Answer --speeches about processes
speeches about events
speeches about places and people
speeches about objects
speeches about concepts Speech about processes (Types of informative speeches) - Answer - informative speech that describes how something is done, how something comes to be what it is or how something works Speech about an event (Types of informative speeches) - Answer - informative speech that describes or explains a significant, interesting or unusual occurrence

Speech about a place or person (Types of informative speeches) - Answer - informative speech that describes a significant, interesting or unusual person or place Speech about an object (Types of informative speeches) - Answer - informative speech about anything that is tangible, that can be perceived by the senses Speech about concept (Types of informative speeches) - Answer - informative speech about an abstraction, something you can't perceive with your senses, such as an idea, a theory, a principle, a world view, or a belief Organizational Patterns for informative speeches - Answer --chronological

spatial
causal
topical Chronological Pattern (Organizational Patterns for informative speeches) - Answer - organize main points to illustrate how a topic has developed over time or what steps an audience must take to complete a task Spatial Pattern (Organizational Patterns for informative speeches) - Answer - address topics logically in terms of location or direction Causal Pattern (Organizational Patterns for informative speeches) - Answer - highlight cause and effect relationships Topical Pattern (Organizational Patterns for informative speeches) - Answer - address different aspects of a topic, divide into subtopics Invitational Speaking Environment - Answer - environment in which the speakers highest priority is to understand, respect, and appreciate the range of possible positions on an issue, even if those positions are quite different from your own
Condition of equality
Condition of Value
Condition of self Determination Condition of equality (invitational speaking environment) - Answer - condition of an invitational environment that requires the speaker to acknowledge that all audience members hold equally valid perspectives worthy of exploration
make space for all voices to be heard Condition of Value (invitational speaking environment) - Answer - recognize that your audience's views, although they might be different than your own, are worth exploring, they have value Condition of Self Determination (invitational speaking environment) - Answer - recognize the members of your audience are experts in their own lives, that they know

Fallacies in Reasoning - Answer - fallacy: an argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning

Ad Hominem
Bandwagon
Either Or
Hasty Generalizations
Red Herring
Slippery Slope Ad Hominem (Fallacies in Reasoning) - Answer - argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than his or her argument Bandwagon (Fallacies in Reasoning) - Answer - argument that suggests something has merit because everyone else agrees with it or is going it Either-Or (Fallacies in Reasoning) - Answer - argument that presents only two options, "either A or B" when actually more than two options exists, also known as false dilemma False Clause (Fallacies in Reasoning) - Answer - argument that mistakes a chronological relationship for a causal relationship Hasty Generalizations (Fallacies in Reasoning) - Answer - an argument based on too few cases or examples to support a conclusion Red Herring (Fallacies in Reasoning) - Answer - introduction of irrelevant information into an argument to distract from the real issue Slippery Slope (Fallacies in Reasoning) - Answer - an argument in which a speaker claims that taking a first step in one direction will inevitably lead to undesirable further steps Types of Persuasive Speeches - Answer - speech whose message attempts to change or reinforce an audience thoughts, feelings or actions
question of fact
question of value
question of policy Question of Fact (Types of Persuasive Speeches) - Answer - question that addresses whether something is verifiably true or not Question of Value (Types of Persuasive Speeches) - Answer - question that addresses the merit or morality of an object, action or belief Question of Policy (Types of Persuasive Speeches) - Answer - question that addresses the best course of action or solution to a problem

Evidence and Persuasion - Answer - to use evidence effectively to persuade

use of specific evidence
novel information credible sources Types of Credibility - Answer - credibility: an audience's perception of a speaker competence and character
Competence: an audience's view on the speaker's intelligence, expertise and knowledge of a subject
Character: an audience's view of a speakers sincerity
initial credibility
derived credibility
terminal credibility Initial Credibility (Types of Credibility) - Answer - the credibility a speaker has before giving a speech Derived Credibility (Types of Credibility) - Answer - credibility a speaker develops during a speech Terminal Credibility (Types of Credibility) - Answer - credibility given to a speaker at the end of a speech NEED (Need-Plan-Practicallity) - Answer - demonstrate that a current problem exists and that it relates to your specific audience
a general explanation of problem
the population affected by the problem
the severity of the problem
the dangers involved if the problem is not fixed PLAN (Need-Plan-Practicallity) - Answer - present a plan that solves the need
not only solves the problem but addresses questions like -- who will implement the plan --who will enforce the plan -- who will fund the plan
explain the plan: what does it entail, what are the specific courses of action you advocate implementing
State who will enforce
Discuss funding: doesn't always come from taxes, sometimes need to reallocate existing funds PRACTICALITY (Need-Plan-Practicallity) - Answer - must demonstrate plan is practical and thus the best option
Cure: does the "plan" solve the problem, support this claim with examples of your plan successfully implemented in other contexts, citing expert testimony that suggest your

Public Speaking Study Guide: Key Concepts and Communication Models, Exams of Social Sciences

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SPCM 200- FINAL- CSU STUDY GUIDE